I've done a little research on hash tables, and I keep running across the rule of thumb that when there are a certain number of entries (either max or via a load factor like 75%) the hash table should be expanded.
Almost always, the recommendation is to double (or double plus 1, i.e., 2n+1) the size of the hash table. However, I haven't been able to find a good reason for this.
Why double the size, rather than, say, increasing it 25%, or increasing it to the size of the next prime number, or next k prime numbers (e.g., three)?
I already know that it's often a good idea to choose an initial hash table size which is a prime number, at least if your hash function uses modulus such as universal hashing. And I know that's why it's usually recommended to do 2n+1 instead of 2n (e.g., http://www.concentric.net/~Ttwang/tech/hashsize.htm)
However as I said, I haven't seen any real explanation for why doubling or doubling-plus-one is actually a good choice rather than some other method of choosing a size for the new hash table.
(And yes I've read the Wikipedia article on hash tables :) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table
To restrict the load balance so that it does not get too large (slow search, insert, delete) or too small (waste of memory), we will increase the size of the hash table if it gets too full and decrease the size of the hash table if it gets too empty.
The Hashing has two parts: hash function and compression function. Changing the size of the hash table will change the compression function hence leading to the keys being allotted to different buckets.
But a good general “rule of thumb” is: The hash table should be an array with length about 1.3 times the maximum number of keys that will actually be in the table, and. Size of hash table array should be a prime number.
The usable size of a hash table is the number of associations that the table can hold at a given time. If the number of associations in the table exceeds the usable size, the table will automatically grow, increasing the usable size to a new value that is sufficient to hold the associations.
Hash-tables could not claim "amortized constant time insertion" if, for instance, the resizing was by a constant increment. In that case the cost of resizing (which grows with the size of the hash-table) would make the cost of one insertion linear in the total number of elements to insert. Because resizing becomes more and more expensive with the size of the table, it has to happen "less and less often" to keep the amortized cost of insertion constant.
Most implementations allow the average bucket occupation to grow to until a bound fixed in advance before resizing (anywhere between 0.5 and 3, which are all acceptable values). With this convention, just after resizing the average bucket occupation becomes half that bound. Resizing by doubling keeps the average bucket occupation in a band of width *2.
Sub-note: because of statistical clustering, you have to take an average bucket occupation as low as 0.5 if you want many buckets to have at most one elements (maximum speed for finding ignoring the complex effects of cache size), or as high as 3 if you want a minimum number of empty buckets (that correspond to wasted space).
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