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While learning Haskell I had the feeling that the authors where not always telling me everything, so to truly understand it I would like to know the theory behind the type system, monads and concepts like that.
Most of these concepts come from Category Theory I heard, so what are some good books/websites on this topic and related topics?
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Strictly speaking, a pure functional language is a functional language (i.e. a language where functions are first-class values) where expressions have no side effects.
The code tends to be more concise and more predictable. With simpler, cleaner code, it's also easier to test and to maintain. Taking advantage of techniques like higher order functions, functional composition, and currying helps make code more reusable. And code reuse can result in fewer lines of code.
Functional programming languages are specially designed to handle symbolic computation and list processing applications. Functional programming is based on mathematical functions. Some of the popular functional programming languages include: Lisp, Python, Erlang, Haskell, Clojure, etc.
Papers by Philip Wadler and Simon Peyton Jones should get you started on the theory behind Haskell. The book The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages (available online) by Simon Peyton Jones is quite old but still interesting.
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