C++11 member initializer list vs in-class initializer?

Question

What difference between these ways of initializing object member variables in C++11 ? Is there another way ? which way is better (performance) ?:

class any {   public:     obj s = obj("value");     any(){} }; 

Or

class any {   public:     obj s;     any(): s("value"){} }; 

Thanks.

Answer 1

No, these are not the same.

The difference between them is the same that applies for direct-initialization vs. copy-initialization, which is subtle but often very confusing.

§12.6.2 [class.base.init]:

7. The expression-list or braced-init-list in a mem-initializer is used to initialize the designated subobject (or, in the case of a delegating constructor, the complete class object) according to the initialization rules of 8.5 for direct-initialization. [...]

8. In a non-delegating constructor, if a given non-static data member or base class is not designated by a mem-initializer-id (including the case where there is no mem-initializer-list because the constructor has no ctor-initializer) and the entity is not a virtual base class of an abstract class (10.4), then

   — if the entity is a non-static data member that has a brace-or-equal-initializer, the entity is initialized as specified in 8.5;

§8.5 [dcl.init]:

15. The initialization that occurs in the form

    T x = a;

as well as in argument passing, function return, throwing an exception (15.1), handling an exception (15.3), and aggregate member initialization (8.5.1) is called copy-initialization.

Initializing a non-static data member on a member-initializer-list follows the rules of direct-initialization, which doesn't create intermediate temporaries that need to be moved/copied (if compiled without a copy-elision), neither the type of the data member must be copyable/movable (even if the copy is elided). In addition, a direct-initialization introduces an explicit context, while a copy-initialization is non-explicit (if a constructor selected for the initialization is explicit, the program won't compile).

In other words, the obj s = obj("value"); syntax won't compile if obj is declared as:

struct obj {     obj(std::string) {}     obj(const obj&) = delete; }; 

or:

struct obj {     obj(std::string) {}     explicit obj(const obj&) {} }; 

As a more tangible example, while the below won't compile:

struct any {    std::atomic<int> a = std::atomic<int>(1); // ill-formed: non-copyable/non-movable    std::atomic<int> b = 2; // ill-formed: explicit constructor selected }; 

this one will:

struct any {     std::atomic<int> a;     std::atomic<int> b{ 2 };     any() : a(1) {} }; 

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Which way is better (performance) ?

With a copy-elision enabled both have identical performance. With copy-elision disabled, there is an additional copy/move constructor call upon every instantiation when the copy-initialization syntax is used (that obj s = obj("value"); is one of).

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Is there another way ?

The brace-or-equal-initializer syntax allows one to perform a direct-list-initialization as well:

class any { public:     obj s{ "value" };     any() {} }; 

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Are there any other differences?

Some other differences that are worth mentioning are:

1. Brace-or-equal-initializer must reside in a header file along with a class declaration.
2. If both are combined, member-initializer-list takes priority over brace-or-equal-initializer (that is, brace-or-equal-initializer is ignored).
3. (C++11 only, until C++14) A class that uses brace-or-equal-initializer violates constraints for an aggregate type.
4. With the brace-or-equal-initializer syntax it's not possible to perform a direct-initialization other than a direct-list-initialization.