c++ template and header files [duplicate]

Question

So, I heard that C++ templates shouldn't be separated into a header (.h) and source (.cpp) files.

For instance, a template like this:

template <class T> class J {       T something; }; 

Is this true? Why is it so?

If because of that I'm gonna have to put both declaration and implementation in the same file, should I put it in a .h file or a .cpp file?

Answer 1

Headers.

It's because templates are instantiated at compile-time, not link-time, and different translation units (roughly equivalent to your .cpp files) only "know about" each other at link-time. Headers tend to be widely "known about" at compile-time because you #include them in any translation unit that needs them.

Read https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/templates for more.

Answer 2

The reason you can't put a templated class into a .cpp file is because in order to "compile" a .cpp file you need to know what the type that is being used in place of T. As it stands a templated class (like your class J) doesn't have enough information to compile. Thus it must be all in headers.

If you want the break up the implementation into another file for cleanliness, the best practice is to use an .hxx file. Like this: inside your header file, J.h, put:

#ifndef _J_H__ #define _J_H__  template <class T> class J{  // member definitions };  #include "j.hxx"  #endif // _J_H__ 

and then, in j.hxx you'll have

template <class T> J<T>::J() { // constructor implementation }  template <class T> J<T>::~J() { // destructor implementation }  template <class T> void J<T>::memberFunc() { // memberFunc implementation }  // etc. 

Finally in your .cpp file that uses the templated class, let's call it K.cpp you'll have:

#include "J.h" // note that this always automatically includes J.hxx     void f(void) {      J<double> jinstance;  // now the compiler knows what the exact type is. }