Why are Exceptions not Checked in .NET?

Question

I know Googling I can find an appropriate answer, but I prefer listening to your personal (and maybe technical) opinions.
What is the main reason of the difference between Java and C# in throwing exceptions?
In Java the signature of a method that throws an exception has to use the "throws" keyword, while in C# you don't know in compilation time if an exception could be thrown.

Answer 1

In the article The Trouble with Checked Exceptions and in Anders Hejlsberg's (designer of the C# language) own voice, there are three main reasons for C# not supporting checked exceptions as they are found and verified in Java:

• Neutral on Checked Exceptions

  “C# is basically silent on the checked exceptions issue. Once a better solution is known—and trust me we continue to think about it—we can go back and actually put something in place.”

• Versioning with Checked Exceptions

  “Adding a new exception to a throws clause in a new version breaks client code. It's like adding a method to an interface. After you publish an interface, it is for all practical purposes immutable, …”

  “It is funny how people think that the important thing about exceptions is handling them. That is not the important thing about exceptions. In a well-written application there's a ratio of ten to one, in my opinion, of try finally to try catch. Or in C#, using statements, which are like try finally.”

• Scalability of Checked Exceptions

  “In the small, checked exceptions are very enticing…The trouble begins when you start building big systems where you're talking to four or five different subsystems. Each subsystem throws four to ten exceptions. Now, each time you walk up the ladder of aggregation, you have this exponential hierarchy below you of exceptions you have to deal with. You end up having to declare 40 exceptions that you might throw.… It just balloons out of control.”

In his article, “Why doesn't C# have exception specifications?”, Anson Horton (Visual C# Program Manager) also lists the following reasons (see the article for details on each point):

• Versioning
• Productivity and code quality
• Impracticality of having class author differentiate between checked and unchecked exceptions
• Difficulty of determining the correct exceptions for interfaces.

It is interesting to note that C# does, nonetheless, support documentation of exceptions thrown by a given method via the <exception> tag and the compiler even takes the trouble to verify that the referenced exception type does indeed exist. There is, however, no check made at the call sites or usage of the method.

You may also want to look into the Exception Hunter, which is a commerical tool by Red Gate Software, that uses static analysis to determine and report exceptions thrown by a method and which may potentially go uncaught:

Exception Hunter is a new analysis tool that finds and reports the set of possible exceptions your functions might throw – before you even ship. With it, you can locate unhandled exceptions easily and quickly, down to the line of code that is throwing the exceptions. Once you have the results, you can decide which exceptions need to be handled (with some exception handling code) before you release your application into the wild.

Finally, Bruce Eckel, author of Thinking in Java, has an article called, “Does Java need Checked Exceptions?”, that may be worth reading up as well because the question of why checked exceptions are not there in C# usually takes root in comparisons to Java.