What is WEB-INF used for in a Java EE web application?

Question

I'm working on a Java EE web application with the following source code directory structure:

src/main/java                 <-- multiple packages containing Java classes
src/test/java                 <-- multiple packages containing JUnit tests
src/main/resources            <-- includes properties files for textual messages
src/main/webapp/resources     <-- includes CSS, images and all Javascript files
src/main/webapp/WEB-INF
src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/tags
src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/views

The folder I'm interested in is WEB-INF: It contains web.xml, XML files for setting up servlets, Spring bean wiring contexts and JSP tags and views. I'm trying to understand what constrains/defines this structure. E.g. do JSP files always have to be within WEB-INF or could they be somewhere else? And is there anything else that might go in WEB-INF? Wikipedia's WAR files entry mentions classes for Java classes and lib for JAR files - not sure I've fully grasped when these would be needed in addition to the other source file locations.

Answer 1

The Servlet 2.4 specification says this about WEB-INF (page 70):

A special directory exists within the application hierarchy named WEB-INF. This directory contains all things related to the application that aren’t in the document root of the application. The WEB-INF node is not part of the public document tree of the application. No file contained in the WEB-INF directory may be served directly to a client by the container. However, the contents of the WEB-INF directory are visible to servlet code using the getResource and getResourceAsStream method calls on the ServletContext, and may be exposed using the RequestDispatcher calls.

This means that WEB-INF resources are accessible to the resource loader of your Web-Application and not directly visible for the public.

This is why a lot of projects put their resources like JSP files, JARs/libraries and their own class files or property files or any other sensitive information in the WEB-INF folder. Otherwise they would be accessible by using a simple static URL (usefull to load CSS or Javascript for instance).

Your JSP files can be anywhere though from a technical perspective. For instance in Spring you can configure them to be in WEB-INF explicitly:

<bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"
    p:prefix="/WEB-INF/jsp/" 
    p:suffix=".jsp" >
</bean>

The WEB-INF/classes and WEB-INF/lib folders mentioned in Wikipedia's WAR files article are examples of folders required by the Servlet specification at runtime.

It is important to make the difference between the structure of a project and the structure of the resulting WAR file.

The structure of the project will in some cases partially reflect the structure of the WAR file (for static resources such as JSP files or HTML and JavaScript files, but this is not always the case.

The transition from the project structure into the resulting WAR file is done by a build process.

While you are usually free to design your own build process, nowadays most people will use a standardized approach such as Apache Maven. Among other things Maven defines defaults for which resources in the project structure map to what resources in the resulting artifact (the resulting artifact is the WAR file in this case). In some cases the mapping consists of a plain copy process in other cases the mapping process includes a transformation, such as filtering or compiling and others.

One example: The WEB-INF/classes folder will later contain all compiled java classes and resources (src/main/java and src/main/resources) that need to be loaded by the Classloader to start the application.

Another example: The WEB-INF/lib folder will later contain all jar files needed by the application. In a maven project the dependencies are managed for you and maven automatically copies the needed jar files to the WEB-INF/lib folder for you. That explains why you don't have a lib folder in a maven project.

Answer 2

When you deploy a Java EE web application (using frameworks or not),its structure must follow some requirements/specifications. These specifications come from :

• The servlet container (e.g Tomcat)
• Java Servlet API
• Your application domain

1. The Servlet container requirements
   If you use Apache Tomcat, the root directory of your application must be placed in the webapp folder. That may be different if you use another servlet container or application server.
   
   

2. Java Servlet API requirements
   Java Servlet API states that your root application directory must have the following structure :

   ApplicationName
   |
   |--META-INF
   |--WEB-INF
         |_web.xml       <-- Here is the configuration file of your web app(where you define servlets, filters, listeners...)
         |_classes       <--Here goes all the classes of your webapp, following the package structure you defined. Only 
         |_lib           <--Here goes all the libraries (jars) your application need
   

These requirements are defined by Java Servlet API.

3. Your application domain
Now that you've followed the requirements of the Servlet container(or application server) and the Java Servlet API requirements, you can organize the other parts of your webapp based upon what you need.
- You can put your resources (JSP files, plain text files, script files) in your application root directory. But then, people can access them directly from their browser, instead of their requests being processed by some logic provided by your application. So, to prevent your resources being directly accessed like that, you can put them in the WEB-INF directory, whose contents is only accessible by the server.
-If you use some frameworks, they often use configuration files. Most of these frameworks (struts, spring, hibernate) require you to put their configuration files in the classpath (the "classes" directory).