What is the difference between operator "=" and "==" in Bash?

Question

It seems that these two operators are pretty much the same - is there a difference? When should I use = and when ==?

Answer 1

You must use == in numeric comparisons in (( ... )):

$ if (( 3 == 3 )); then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if (( 3 = 3 ));  then echo "yes"; fi bash: ((: 3 = 3 : attempted assignment to non-variable (error token is "= 3 ") 

You may use either for string comparisons in [[ ... ]] or [ ... ] or test:

$ if [[ 3 == 3 ]]; then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if [[ 3 = 3 ]]; then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if [ 3 == 3 ]; then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if [ 3 = 3 ]; then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if test 3 == 3; then echo "yes"; fi yes $ if test 3 = 3; then echo "yes"; fi yes 

"String comparisons?", you say?

$ if [[ 10 < 2 ]]; then echo "yes"; fi    # string comparison yes $ if (( 10 < 2 )); then echo "yes"; else echo "no"; fi    # numeric comparison no $ if [[ 10 -lt 2 ]]; then echo "yes"; else echo "no"; fi  # numeric comparison no 

Answer 2

There's a subtle difference with regards to POSIX. Excerpt from the Bash reference:

string1 == string2
True if the strings are equal. = may be used in place of == for strict POSIX compliance.