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What is exactly the difference between the "old" Managed C++ and the "new" C++/CLI?
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C++/CLI allows C++ programs to consume C# programs in C# DLLs. Here the #using keyword shows the compiler where the DLL is located for its compilation metadata. This simple example requires no data marshalling.
Yes, C++/CLI has a very specific target usage, the language (and its compiler, most of all) makes it very easy to write code that needs to interop with unmanaged code. It has built-in support for marshaling between managed and unmanaged types.
The C++ compiler actually uses two heaps, a managed an unmanaged one, and uses operator overloading on new to decide where to allocate memory when you create an instance with new.
Managed C++ is the version in VS2002 and VS2003. It had race conditions and other serious bugs, as well as being confusing. It's no longer supported.
In VS2005, Microsoft introduced C++/CLI, which has also been accepted as an ISO standard. It's also supported in VS2008 and the upcoming VS2010.
Both of them had the same goal, which is to create .NET assemblies using the C++ language. The syntax is different (C++/CLI managed code is a lot easier to differentiate from standard C++ at a glance) and C++/CLI also has syntax for .NET 2.0 features such as generics.
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