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@CMCDragonkai: To lowercase the first letter, use "${foo,}" . To lowercase all the letters, use "${foo,,}" . To uppercase all the letters, use "${foo^^}" .
You can convert the case of the string more easily by using the new feature of Bash 4. '^' symbol is used to convert the first character of any string to uppercase and '^^' symbol is used to convert the whole string to the uppercase.
To convert a string to uppercase in Bash, use tr command. tr stands for translate or transliterate. With tr command we can translate lowercase characters, if any, in the input string to uppercase characters.
Dollar sign $ (Variable) The dollar sign before the thing in parenthesis usually refers to a variable. This means that this command is either passing an argument to that variable from a bash script or is getting the value of that variable for something.
One way with bash (version 4+):
foo=bar
echo "${foo^}"
prints:
Bar
foo="$(tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<< ${foo:0:1})${foo:1}"
One way with sed:
echo "$(echo "$foo" | sed 's/.*/\u&/')"
Prints:
Bar
$ foo="bar";
$ foo=`echo ${foo:0:1} | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'`${foo:1}
$ echo $foo
Bar
To capitalize first word only:
foo='one two three'
foo="${foo^}"
echo $foo
One two three
To capitalize every word in the variable:
foo="one two three"
foo=( $foo ) # without quotes
foo="${foo[@]^}"
echo $foo
One Two Three
(works in bash 4+)
Here is the "native" text tools way:
#!/bin/bash
string="abcd"
first=`echo $string|cut -c1|tr [a-z] [A-Z]`
second=`echo $string|cut -c2-`
echo $first$second
Using awk only
foo="uNcapItalizedstrIng"
echo $foo | awk '{print toupper(substr($0,0,1))tolower(substr($0,2))}'
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