T-SQL split string

Question

I've used this SQL before which may work for you:-

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.splitstring ( @stringToSplit VARCHAR(MAX) )
RETURNS
 @returnList TABLE ([Name] [nvarchar] (500))
AS
BEGIN

 DECLARE @name NVARCHAR(255)
 DECLARE @pos INT

 WHILE CHARINDEX(',', @stringToSplit) > 0
 BEGIN
  SELECT @pos  = CHARINDEX(',', @stringToSplit)  
  SELECT @name = SUBSTRING(@stringToSplit, 1, @pos-1)

  INSERT INTO @returnList 
  SELECT @name

  SELECT @stringToSplit = SUBSTRING(@stringToSplit, @pos+1, LEN(@stringToSplit)-@pos)
 END

 INSERT INTO @returnList
 SELECT @stringToSplit

 RETURN
END

and to use it:-

SELECT * FROM dbo.splitstring('91,12,65,78,56,789')

Instead of recursive CTEs and while loops, has anyone considered a more set-based approach? Note that this function was written for the question, which was based on SQL Server 2008 and comma as the delimiter. In SQL Server 2016 and above (and in compatibility level 130 and above), STRING_SPLIT() is a better option.

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.SplitString
(
  @List     nvarchar(max),
  @Delim    nvarchar(255)
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
  RETURN ( SELECT [Value] FROM 
  ( 
    SELECT [Value] = LTRIM(RTRIM(SUBSTRING(@List, [Number],
      CHARINDEX(@Delim, @List + @Delim, [Number]) - [Number])))
    FROM (SELECT Number = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY name)
      FROM sys.all_columns) AS x WHERE Number <= LEN(@List)
      AND SUBSTRING(@Delim + @List, [Number], DATALENGTH(@Delim)/2) = @Delim
    ) AS y
  );
GO

If you want to avoid the limitation of the length of the string being <= the number of rows in sys.all_columns (9,980 in model in SQL Server 2017; much higher in your own user databases), you can use other approaches for deriving the numbers, such as building your own table of numbers. You could also use a recursive CTE in cases where you can't use system tables or create your own:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.SplitString
(
  @List     nvarchar(max),
  @Delim    nvarchar(255)
)
RETURNS TABLE WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
   RETURN ( WITH n(n) AS (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT n+1 
       FROM n WHERE n <= LEN(@List))
       SELECT [Value] = SUBSTRING(@List, n, 
       CHARINDEX(@Delim, @List + @Delim, n) - n)
       FROM n WHERE n <= LEN(@List)
      AND SUBSTRING(@Delim + @List, n, DATALENGTH(@Delim)/2) = @Delim
   );
GO

But you'll have to append OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0) (or MAXRECURSION <longest possible string length if < 32768>) to the outer query in order to avoid errors with recursion for strings > 100 characters. If that is also not a good alternative then see this answer as pointed out in the comments.

(Also, the delimiter will have to be NCHAR(<=1228). Still researching why.)

More on split functions, why (and proof that) while loops and recursive CTEs don't scale, and better alternatives, if splitting strings coming from the application layer:

• http://www.sqlperformance.com/2012/07/t-sql-queries/split-strings
• http://www.sqlperformance.com/2012/08/t-sql-queries/splitting-strings-now-with-less-t-sql
• https://sqlblog.org/2010/07/07/splitting-a-list-of-integers-another-roundup

Finally the wait is over in SQL Server 2016 they have introduced Split string function : STRING_SPLIT

select * From STRING_SPLIT ('a,b', ',') cs 

All the other methods to split string like XML, Tally table, while loop, etc.. has been blown away by this STRING_SPLIT function.

Here is an excellent article with performance comparison : Performance Surprises and Assumptions : STRING_SPLIT

The easiest way to do this is by using XML format.

1. Converting string to rows without table

QUERY

DECLARE @String varchar(100) = 'String1,String2,String3'
-- To change ',' to any other delimeter, just change ',' to your desired one
DECLARE @Delimiter CHAR = ','    

SELECT LTRIM(RTRIM(Split.a.value('.', 'VARCHAR(100)'))) 'Value' 
FROM  
(     
     SELECT CAST ('<M>' + REPLACE(@String, @Delimiter, '</M><M>') + '</M>' AS XML) AS Data            
) AS A 
CROSS APPLY Data.nodes ('/M') AS Split(a)

RESULT

 x---------x
 | Value   |
 x---------x
 | String1 |
 | String2 |
 | String3 |
 x---------x

2. Converting to rows from a table which have an ID for each CSV row

SOURCE TABLE

 x-----x--------------------------x
 | Id  |           Value          |
 x-----x--------------------------x
 |  1  |  String1,String2,String3 |
 |  2  |  String4,String5,String6 |     
 x-----x--------------------------x

QUERY

-- To change ',' to any other delimeter, just change ',' before '</M><M>' to your desired one
DECLARE @Delimiter CHAR = ','

SELECT ID,LTRIM(RTRIM(Split.a.value('.', 'VARCHAR(100)'))) 'Value' 
FROM  
(     
     SELECT ID,CAST ('<M>' + REPLACE(VALUE, @Delimiter, '</M><M>') + '</M>' AS XML) AS Data            
     FROM TABLENAME
) AS A 
CROSS APPLY Data.nodes ('/M') AS Split(a)

RESULT

 x-----x----------x
 | Id  |  Value   |
 x-----x----------x
 |  1  |  String1 |
 |  1  |  String2 |  
 |  1  |  String3 |
 |  2  |  String4 |  
 |  2  |  String5 |
 |  2  |  String6 |     
 x-----x----------x

I needed a quick way to get rid of the +4 from a zip code.

UPDATE #Emails 
  SET ZIPCode = SUBSTRING(ZIPCode, 1, (CHARINDEX('-', ZIPCODE)-1)) 
  WHERE ZIPCode LIKE '%-%'

No proc... no UDF... just one tight little inline command that does what it must. Not fancy, not elegant.

Change the delimiter as needed, etc, and it will work for anything.