Should one use forward declarations instead of includes wherever possible?

Question

Whenever a class declaration uses another class only as pointers, does it make sense to use a class forward declaration instead of including the headerfile in order to pre-emptively avoid problems with circular dependencies? so, instead of having:

//file C.h #include "A.h" #include "B.h"  class C{     A* a;     B b;     ... }; 

do this instead:

//file C.h #include "B.h"  class A;  class C{     A* a;     B b;     ... };   //file C.cpp #include "C.h" #include "A.h" ... 

Is there any reason why not to do this wherever possible?

Answer 1

The forward-declaration method is almost always better. (I can't think of a situation where including a file where you can use a forward declaration is better, but I'm not gonna say it's always better just in case).

There are no downsides to forward-declaring classes, but I can think of some downsides for including headers unnecessarily:

• longer compilation time, since all translation units including C.h will also include A.h, although they might not need it.

• possibly including other headers you don't need indirectly

• polluting the translation unit with symbols you don't need

• you might need to recompile source files that include that header if it changes (@PeterWood)