Python: Strange behaviour of recursive function with keyword arguments

Question

I've written a small snippet that computes the path length of a given node (e.g. its distance to the root node):

def node_depth(node, depth=0, colored_nodes=set()):
    """
    Return the length of the path in the parse tree from C{node}'s position
    up to the root node. Effectively tests if C{node} is inside a circle
    and, if so, returns -1.

    """
    if node.mother is None:
        return depth
    mother = node.mother
    if mother.id in colored_nodes:
        return -1
    colored_nodes.add(node.id)
    return node_depth(mother, depth + 1, colored_nodes)

Now there is a strange thing happening with that function (at least it is strange to me): Calling node_depth for the first time returns the right value. However, calling it a second time with the same node returns -1. The colored_nodes set is empty in the first call, but contains all node-IDs in the second call that have been added during first one:

print node_depth(node) # -->  9
# initially colored nodes --> set([])
print node_depth(node) # --> -1
# initially colored nodes --> set([1, 2, 3, 38, 39, 21, 22, 23, 24])

print node_depth(node, colored_nodes=set()) # --> 9
print node_depth(node, colored_nodes=set()) # --> 9

Am I missing some Python-specific thing here and this is really supposed to be that way?

Thanks in advance,

Jena

Answer 1

The "default value" for a function parameter in Python is instantiated at function declaration time, not every time the function is called. You rarely want to mutate the default value of a parameter, and so it's often a good idea to use something immutable for the default value.

In your case you may want to do something like this:

def node_depth(node, depth=0, colored_nodes=None):
    ...
    if colored_nodes is None: colored_nodes = set()

Answer 2

This is, because in Python, the default argument values are not evaluated each time the function is called, but only once at function definition time. So effectively, you are calling the function with a pre-filled colored_nodes set on every but the first call after definition.