numpy vectorization of double python for loop

Question

V is (n,p) numpy array typically dimensions are n~10, p~20000

The code I have now looks like

A = np.zeros(p)
for i in xrange(n):
    for j in xrange(i+1):
        A += F[i,j] * V[i,:] * V[j,:]

How would I go about rewriting this to avoid the double python for loop?

Answer 1

While Isaac's answer seems promising, as it removes those two nested for loops, you are having to create an intermediate array M which is n times the size of your original V array. Python for loops are not cheap, but memory access ain't free either:

n = 10
p = 20000
V = np.random.rand(n, p)
F = np.random.rand(n, n)

def op_code(V, F):
    n, p = V.shape
    A = np.zeros(p)
    for i in xrange(n):
        for j in xrange(i+1):
            A += F[i,j] * V[i,:] * V[j,:]
    return A

def isaac_code(V, F):
    n, p = V.shape
    F = F.copy()
    F[np.triu_indices(n, 1)] = 0
    M = (V.reshape(n, 1, p) * V.reshape(1, n, p)) * F.reshape(n, n, 1)
    return M.sum((0, 1))

If you now take both for a test ride:

In [20]: np.allclose(isaac_code(V, F), op_code(V, F))
Out[20]: True

In [21]: %timeit op_code(V, F)
100 loops, best of 3: 3.18 ms per loop

In [22]: %timeit isaac_code(V, F)
10 loops, best of 3: 24.3 ms per loop

So removing the for loops is costing you an 8x slowdown. Not a very good thing... At this point you may even want to consider whether a function taking about 3ms to evaluate requires any further optimization. IN case you do, there's a small improvement which can be had by using np.einsum:

def einsum_code(V, F):
    n, p = V.shape
    F = F.copy()
    F[np.triu_indices(n, 1)] = 0
    return np.einsum('ij,ik,jk->k', F, V, V)

And now:

In [23]: np.allclose(einsum_code(V, F), op_code(V, F))
Out[23]: True

In [24]: %timeit einsum_code(V, F)
100 loops, best of 3: 2.53 ms per loop

So that's roughly a 20% speed up that introduces code that may very well not be as readable as your for loops. I would say not worth it...