I know the what the postfix/prefix increment/decrement operators do. And in javascript, this seems to be no different.
While I can guess the outcome of this line easily:
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, ++foo, foo, foo++, foo);
// output: 10 11 11 11 12
as ++
operators appear within separate expressions.
It gets a bit complicated as these operators appears within the same expression:
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, ++foo + foo++, foo);
// output[1]: 10 22 12
// Nothing unexpected assuming LTR evaluation
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, foo++ + ++foo, foo);
// output[2]: 10 22 12
// What? Ordering is now different but we have the same output.
// Maybe value of foo is evaluated lazily...
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, foo + ++foo, foo);
// output[3]: 10 21 11
// What?! So first 'foo' is evaluated before the increment?
and my question is, how does Javascript (V8 in this case, as I tested these in Chrome) end up evaluating the addition expression in 2nd and 3rd example differently?
Why does foo
end up evaluating differently than foo++
. Isn't postfix ++
supposed to increment after the expression and just evaluate to foo
within expression?
JavaScript has an even more succinct syntax to increment a number by 1. The increment operator ( ++ ) increments its operand by 1 ; that is, it adds 1 to the existing value. There's a corresponding decrement operator ( -- ) that decrements a variable's value by 1 . That is, it subtracts 1 from the value.
Furthermore, the assignment operator = has the lowest precedence, so the assignment is performed after all the operations on the right side are completed.
++ increases the integer by one and += increases the integer by the number of your choice.
JavaScript Increment operator (++ )In the first case (i.e. post-increment) the operator increases the variable var1 by 1 but returns the value before incrementing. In the second case (i.e. pre-increment) the operator increases the variable var1 by 1 but returns the value after incrementing.
Just look at:
foo++ + ++foo
Mentally rewrite it to:
foo++ →
addition_lhs = foo // addition_lhs == 10
foo += 1 // foo == 11
++foo →
foo += 1 // foo == 12
addition_rhs = foo // addition_rhs == 12
addition_lhs + addition_rhs == 10 + 12 == 22
And foo + ++foo
:
foo →
addition_lhs = foo // addition_lhs == 10
++foo →
foo += 1 // foo == 11
addition_rhs = foo // addition_rhs == 11
addition_lhs + addition_rhs == 10 + 11 == 21
So everything is evaluated left to right, including the incrementation.
The crucial rule to understand is that in JavaScript the whole left hand side (LHS) is executed, and the value memorized, before any operation gets done on the right hand side (RHS).
You can either confirm the evaluation order by reading the standard or just place a runtime error in your expression and look what happens:
alert(1) + alert(2) + (function () { throw Error(); })() + alert(3)
Understand that when you use foo++
you're telling to the "compiler": after you push it to the stack, increment it. When you use ++foo
you're telling the other way: increment it then push it to the stack.
The ++
operator have preference over the +
, since the "compiler" read the expression this way (foo++)+(++foo)
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, ++foo + foo++, foo);
++foo + foo++
11 + 11
The pre increment sets foo to 11 then adds it to foo again which is still 11, evaluating to 22 before foo is again incremented.
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, foo++ + ++foo, foo);
foo++ + ++foo
10 + 12
By the time we reach ++foo, the value has already incriminated from foo++
var foo = 10; console.log(foo, foo + ++foo, foo);
foo + ++foo
10 + 11
foo is incremented before we add it to foo, thus giving us 10 + 11
SUMMARY
Basically it all depends on what the current value of foo is when you add them together.
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