How to compile a static library in Linux?

Question

I have a question: How to compile a static library in Linux with gcc, i.e. I need to compile my source code into a file named out.a. Is it sufficient to simply compile with the command gcc -o out.a out.c? I'm not quite familiar with gcc, hope anyone can give me a hand.

Answer 1

See Creating a shared and static library with the gnu compiler [gcc]

gcc -c -o out.o out.c

-c means to create an intermediary object file, rather than an executable.

ar rcs libout.a out.o
 

This creates the static library. r means to insert with replacement, c means to create a new archive, and s means to write an index. As always, see the man page for more info.

Answer 2

Here a full makefile example:

makefile

TARGET = prog

$(TARGET): main.o lib.a
    gcc $^ -o $@

main.o: main.c
    gcc -c $< -o $@

lib.a: lib1.o lib2.o
    ar rcs $@ $^

lib1.o: lib1.c lib1.h
    gcc -c -o $@ $<

lib2.o: lib2.c lib2.h
    gcc -c -o $@ $<

clean:
    rm -f *.o *.a $(TARGET)

explaining the makefile:

• target: prerequisites - the rule head
• $@ - means the target
• $^ - means all prerequisites
• $< - means just the first prerequisite
• ar - a Linux tool to create, modify, and extract from archives see the man pages for further information. The options in this case mean:
  • r - replace files existing inside the archive
  • c - create a archive if not already existent
  • s - create an object-file index into the archive

To conclude: The static library under Linux is nothing more than a archive of object files.

main.c using the lib

#include <stdio.h>

#include "lib.h"

int main ( void )
{
    fun1(10);
    fun2(10);
    return 0;
}

lib.h the libs main header

#ifndef LIB_H_INCLUDED
#define LIB_H_INCLUDED

#include "lib1.h"
#include "lib2.h"

#endif

lib1.c first lib source

#include "lib1.h"

#include <stdio.h>

void fun1 ( int x )
{
    printf("%i\n",x);
}

lib1.h the corresponding header

#ifndef LIB1_H_INCLUDED
#define LIB1_H_INCLUDED

#ifdef __cplusplus
   extern “C” {
#endif

void fun1 ( int x );

#ifdef __cplusplus
   }
#endif

#endif /* LIB1_H_INCLUDED */

lib2.c second lib source

#include "lib2.h"

#include <stdio.h>

void fun2 ( int x )
{
    printf("%i\n",2*x);
}

lib2.h the corresponding header

#ifndef LIB2_H_INCLUDED
#define LIB2_H_INCLUDED

#ifdef __cplusplus
   extern “C” {
#endif

void fun2 ( int x );

#ifdef __cplusplus
   }
#endif

#endif /* LIB2_H_INCLUDED */

Answer 3

Generate the object files with gcc, then use ar to bundle them into a static library.