How remove_reference disable template argument deductions?

Question

According to this link, template argument deduction is disallowed for std::forward, and std::remove_reference is helping us to achieve that. But how does using remove_reference prevent template deduction from happening here?

template <class S>
S&& forward(typename std::remove_reference<S>::type& t) noexcept
{
    return static_cast<S&&>(t);
}

Answer 1

S in the expression typename std::remove_reference<S>::type is a non-deduced context (specifically because S appears in the nested-name-specifier of a type specified using a qualified-id). Non-deduced contexts are, as the name suggests, contexts in which the template argument cannot be deduced.

This case provides an easy example to understand why. Say I had:

int i;
forward(i);

What would S be? It could be int, int&, or int&& - all of those types would yield the correct argument type for the function. It's simply impossible for the compiler to determine which S you really mean here - so it doesn't try. It's non-deducible, so you have to explicitly provide which S you mean:

forward<int&>(i); // oh, got it, you meant S=int&