How can I use Swift’s Codable to encode into a dictionary?

Question

If you don't mind a bit of shifting of data around you could use something like this:

extension Encodable {
  func asDictionary() throws -> [String: Any] {
    let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(self)
    guard let dictionary = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: .allowFragments) as? [String: Any] else {
      throw NSError()
    }
    return dictionary
  }
}

Or an optional variant

extension Encodable {
  var dictionary: [String: Any]? {
    guard let data = try? JSONEncoder().encode(self) else { return nil }
    return (try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: .allowFragments)).flatMap { $0 as? [String: Any] }
  }
}

Assuming Foo conforms to Codable or really Encodable then you can do this.

let struct = Foo(a: 1, b: 2)
let dict = try struct.asDictionary()
let optionalDict = struct.dictionary

If you want to go the other way(init(any)), take a look at this Init an object conforming to Codable with a dictionary/array

Here are simple implementations of DictionaryEncoder / DictionaryDecoder that wrap JSONEncoder, JSONDecoder and JSONSerialization, that also handle encoding / decoding strategies…

class DictionaryEncoder {

    private let encoder = JSONEncoder()

    var dateEncodingStrategy: JSONEncoder.DateEncodingStrategy {
        set { encoder.dateEncodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return encoder.dateEncodingStrategy }
    }

    var dataEncodingStrategy: JSONEncoder.DataEncodingStrategy {
        set { encoder.dataEncodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return encoder.dataEncodingStrategy }
    }

    var nonConformingFloatEncodingStrategy: JSONEncoder.NonConformingFloatEncodingStrategy {
        set { encoder.nonConformingFloatEncodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return encoder.nonConformingFloatEncodingStrategy }
    }

    var keyEncodingStrategy: JSONEncoder.KeyEncodingStrategy {
        set { encoder.keyEncodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return encoder.keyEncodingStrategy }
    }

    func encode<T>(_ value: T) throws -> [String: Any] where T : Encodable {
        let data = try encoder.encode(value)
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: .allowFragments) as! [String: Any]
    }
}

class DictionaryDecoder {

    private let decoder = JSONDecoder()

    var dateDecodingStrategy: JSONDecoder.DateDecodingStrategy {
        set { decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return decoder.dateDecodingStrategy }
    }

    var dataDecodingStrategy: JSONDecoder.DataDecodingStrategy {
        set { decoder.dataDecodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return decoder.dataDecodingStrategy }
    }

    var nonConformingFloatDecodingStrategy: JSONDecoder.NonConformingFloatDecodingStrategy {
        set { decoder.nonConformingFloatDecodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return decoder.nonConformingFloatDecodingStrategy }
    }

    var keyDecodingStrategy: JSONDecoder.KeyDecodingStrategy {
        set { decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = newValue }
        get { return decoder.keyDecodingStrategy }
    }

    func decode<T>(_ type: T.Type, from dictionary: [String: Any]) throws -> T where T : Decodable {
        let data = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: dictionary, options: [])
        return try decoder.decode(type, from: data)
    }
}

Usage is similar to JSONEncoder / JSONDecoder…

let dictionary = try DictionaryEncoder().encode(object)

and

let object = try DictionaryDecoder().decode(Object.self, from: dictionary)

---

For convenience, I've put this all in a repo… https://github.com/ashleymills/SwiftDictionaryCoding

I have create a library called CodableFirebase and it's initial purpose was to use it with Firebase Database, but it does actually what you need: it creates a dictionary or any other type just like in JSONDecoder but you don't need to do the double conversion here like you do in other answers. So it would look something like:

import CodableFirebase

let model = Foo(a: 1, b: 2)
let dict = try! FirebaseEncoder().encode(model)

There is no built in way to do that. As answered above if you have no performance issues then you can accept the JSONEncoder + JSONSerialization implementation.

But I would rather go the standard library's way to provide an encoder/decoder object.

class DictionaryEncoder {
    private let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()

    /// Encodes given Encodable value into an array or dictionary
    func encode<T>(_ value: T) throws -> Any where T: Encodable {
        let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(value)
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: jsonData, options: .allowFragments)
    }
}

class DictionaryDecoder {
    private let jsonDecoder = JSONDecoder()

    /// Decodes given Decodable type from given array or dictionary
    func decode<T>(_ type: T.Type, from json: Any) throws -> T where T: Decodable {
        let jsonData = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: json, options: [])
        return try jsonDecoder.decode(type, from: jsonData)
    }
}

You can try it with following code:

struct Computer: Codable {
    var owner: String?
    var cpuCores: Int
    var ram: Double
}

let computer = Computer(owner: "5keeve", cpuCores: 8, ram: 4)
let dictionary = try! DictionaryEncoder().encode(computer)
let decodedComputer = try! DictionaryDecoder().decode(Computer.self, from: dictionary)

I am force-trying here to make the example shorter. In production code you should handle the errors appropriately.

I'm not sure if it's the best way but you definitely can do something like:

struct Foo: Codable {
    var a: Int
    var b: Int

    init(a: Int, b: Int) {
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
    }
}

let foo = Foo(a: 1, b: 2)
let dict = try JSONDecoder().decode([String: Int].self, from: JSONEncoder().encode(foo))
print(dict)