Function template parameter pack not at the end of the parameter list

Question

The following code compiles and runs ok.

void foo() {

}

template <typename T, typename... Args>
void foo(T x, Args... args) {
  cout << x << endl;
  foo(args...);
}

// inside main()
foo(1,1,1);

This other code does not compile:

void foo() {

}

template <typename... Args, typename T>
void foo(Args... args, T x) {
  foo(args...);
  cout << x << endl;
}

// inside main()
foo(1,1,1);

The compiler says that there is no matching function for call to foo(1,1,1) and says that foo(Args... args, T x) is a candidate, but template argument deduction/substitution failed, because candidate expects 1 argument, but 3 were provided.

Is there any ambiguity with this situation that no compiler can handle? This compile error just seems illogical to me. Maybe this is not in accordance, on purpose, with the C++ standard?

Answer 1

(This answer is based on @JohannesSchaub-litb's comments)

According to the standard, template parameter pack is not deducible if it is used in a function parameter pack not at the end of the parameter list.

§14.8.2.1/1 Deducing template arguments from a function call [temp.deduct.call]:

When a function parameter pack appears in a non-deduced context ([temp.deduct.type]), the type of that parameter pack is never deduced. [ Example:

template<class T1, class ... Types> void g1(Types ..., T1);

void h(int x, float& y) {
  const int z = x;
  g1(x, y, z);                 // error: Types is not deduced
  g1<int, int, int>(x, y, z);  // OK, no deduction occurs
}

— end example ]

And about non-deduced context, §14.8.2.5/5 Deducing template arguments from a type [temp.deduct.type]:

A function parameter pack that does not occur at the end of the parameter-declaration-list.

So the direct reason of foo(1,1,1); failed is that the template parameter Args is not deduced, which is necessary to make the function invocation valid.

To explain the error message, a template parameter pack not deduced will be deduced to an empty sequence of template arguments^[1], it means it'll be omitted. Then foo(1,1,1); failed because the number of arguments doesn't match, that's what compiler complained.

Just as the example from standard shown, you could specify the template argument explicitly to avoid type deduction, even though it doesn't meet the original intent of your code. Such as:

template <typename T, typename... Args>
void foo(Args... args, T x) {
}

int main() {
    // inside main()
    foo<int, int, int>(1, 1, 1);
}

Here're some additional informations.

---

^{[1] I can't find direct expression about this in the standard. The most close one is this, "A trailing template parameter pack ([temp.variadic]) not otherwise deduced will be deduced to an empty sequence of template arguments."}