I want to test an inclusion of a module into a class. I am trying define a new class in RSpec:
describe Statusable do
  let(:test_class) do
    class ModelIncludingStatusable < ActiveRecord::Base
      include Statusable
      statuses published: "опубликовано", draft: "черновик"
    end
  end
  describe '#statuses' do
    it 'sets STATUSES for a model' do
      test_class::STATUSES.should == ["опубликовано", "черновик"]
    end
  end
end
And I get an error:
TypeError:
       [ActiveModel::Validations::InclusionValidator] is not a class/module
This is probably because in Statusable I have:
validates_inclusion_of  :status, :in => statuses,
            :message => "{{value}} должен быть одним из: #{statuses.join ','}"
But if I comment it out, I get:
TypeError:
       ["опубликовано", "черновик"] is not a class/module
Maybe new class definition isn't the best option, what do I do then? And even if it's not, how can I define a class in RSpec? And how do I fix this error?
Do not define new constant in tests otherwise it will pollute other tests. Instead, use stub_const.
Also, for this is an unit test of Statusable module. If ActiveRecord model is not a necessity, better not to use it.
You can also use class_eval to avoid not opening this class(no matter fake or not) actually
describe Statusable do
  before do
    stub_const 'Foo', Class.new
    Foo.class_eval{ include Statusable }
    Foo.class_eval{ statuses published: "foo", draft: "bar"}
  end
  context '#statuses' do
    it 'sets STATUSES for a model' do
      FOO::STATUSES.should == ["foo", "bar"]
    end
  end
end
Though I copied your assertion, I would suggest not to insert a constant say STATUS into the class/module(Foo) who includes this module. Instead, a class method would be better
expect(Foo.status).to eq(["foo", "bar"])
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