I made a module with a simple menu structure. I am able to programmatically retrieve a view of all my students in PHP. Now, I want to return all the students on a page in a simple table.
The structure of the table is
UGhentID Name student First name student Location student
12874749 Smith Nick New York . . .
If you want to create a new page, you need to use hook_menu in a module.
For exemple :
/**
 * Implementation of hook_menu.
 */
function mymodule_menu() {
  $items = array();
  $items['myPage'] = array(
    'title' => 'Finances',
    'page callback' => 'mymodule_page',
    'access callback' => 'user_access',
    'access argument' => array('access nodes'),
  );
  return $items
}
/**
 * Page callback
 */
function mymodule_page() {
  $output = mymodule_table();
  return $output;
}
You can see here that I call "mymodule_table()" in the page callback, this is where you build your table.
function mymodule_table() {
    $rows = array();
    // build the table header
    $header = array();
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
      $header[] = array('data' =>  $i, 'class' => 'header-class');
    }
    $row = array();
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
      $row[] = array('data' =>  $i, 'class' => 'row-class');
    }
    $rows[] = array('data' => $row);
    $output .= theme('table', $header, $rows, $attributes = array('class' => 'my-table-class'));
    return $output;
}
This should output a table, with a header a a line a rows, with 5 columns.
I'm not sure what you mean by a 'standard page' but I think you probably want to take a look at the examples project (http://drupal.org/project/examples), in particular that page_example module.
For your table, Drupal provides a theme_table function which is pretty useful. In it's simplest form you pass an array of headers and rows and it returns the html for a table.
Based on @Haza's answer, here's an updated table creation function that works for Drupal 7:
function mymodule_table() {
    $rows = array();
    // build the table header
    $header = array();
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
      $header[] = array('data' =>  $i, 'class' => 'header-class');
    }
    $row = array();
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
      $row[] = array('data' =>  $i, 'class' => 'row-class');
    }
    $rows[] = array('data' => $row);
    $data = array(
        'header' => $header,
        'rows' => $rows,
        'attributes' => $attributes
    );
    $output = theme('table', $data);
    return $output;
}
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