Is there any difference between:
const [result1, result2] = await Promise.all([task1(), task2()]);
and
const t1 = task1();
const t2 = task2();
const result1 = await t1;
const result2 = await t2;
and
const [t1, t2] = [task1(), task2()];
const [result1, result2] = [await t1, await t2];
In order to run multiple async/await calls in parallel, all we need to do is add the calls to an array, and then pass that array as an argument to Promise.
all() along with making that function as async and promise resulting fetching will be done along with the await keyword.
Any async promise-based function can have await in front of it to stop your code on that line until the promise is fulfilled, then return the result. Any function that returns a Promise, including web API calls, can be called using await.
1. Promise is an object representing intermediate state of operation which is guaranteed to complete its execution at some point in future. Async/Await is a syntactic sugar for promises, a wrapper making the code execute more synchronously.
Note:
This answer just covers the timing differences between
await
in series andPromise.all
. Be sure to read @mikep's comprehensive answer that also covers the more important differences in error handling.
For the purposes of this answer I will be using some example methods:
res(ms)
is a function that takes an integer of milliseconds and returns a promise that resolves after that many milliseconds.rej(ms)
is a function that takes an integer of milliseconds and returns a promise that rejects after that many milliseconds.Calling res
starts the timer. Using Promise.all
to wait for a handful of delays will resolve after all the delays have finished, but remember they execute at the same time:
const data = await Promise.all([res(3000), res(2000), res(1000)])
// ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^
// delay 1 delay 2 delay 3
//
// ms ------1---------2---------3
// =============================O delay 1
// ===================O delay 2
// =========O delay 3
//
// =============================O Promise.all
async function example() {
const start = Date.now()
let i = 0
function res(n) {
const id = ++i
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve()
console.log(`res #${id} called after ${n} milliseconds`, Date.now() - start)
}, n)
})
}
const data = await Promise.all([res(3000), res(2000), res(1000)])
console.log(`Promise.all finished`, Date.now() - start)
}
example()
This means that Promise.all
will resolve with the data from the inner promises after 3 seconds.
But, Promise.all
has a "fail fast" behavior:
const data = await Promise.all([res(3000), res(2000), rej(1000)])
// ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^
// delay 1 delay 2 delay 3
//
// ms ------1---------2---------3
// =============================O delay 1
// ===================O delay 2
// =========X delay 3
//
// =========X Promise.all
async function example() {
const start = Date.now()
let i = 0
function res(n) {
const id = ++i
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve()
console.log(`res #${id} called after ${n} milliseconds`, Date.now() - start)
}, n)
})
}
function rej(n) {
const id = ++i
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
reject()
console.log(`rej #${id} called after ${n} milliseconds`, Date.now() - start)
}, n)
})
}
try {
const data = await Promise.all([res(3000), res(2000), rej(1000)])
} catch (error) {
console.log(`Promise.all finished`, Date.now() - start)
}
}
example()
If you use async-await
instead, you will have to wait for each promise to resolve sequentially, which may not be as efficient:
const delay1 = res(3000)
const delay2 = res(2000)
const delay3 = rej(1000)
const data1 = await delay1
const data2 = await delay2
const data3 = await delay3
// ms ------1---------2---------3
// =============================O delay 1
// ===================O delay 2
// =========X delay 3
//
// =============================X await
async function example() {
const start = Date.now()
let i = 0
function res(n) {
const id = ++i
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve()
console.log(`res #${id} called after ${n} milliseconds`, Date.now() - start)
}, n)
})
}
function rej(n) {
const id = ++i
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
reject()
console.log(`rej #${id} called after ${n} milliseconds`, Date.now() - start)
}, n)
})
}
try {
const delay1 = res(3000)
const delay2 = res(2000)
const delay3 = rej(1000)
const data1 = await delay1
const data2 = await delay2
const data3 = await delay3
} catch (error) {
console.log(`await finished`, Date.now() - start)
}
}
example()
I agree with @zzzzBov's answer, but the "fail fast" advantage of Promise.all
is not the only difference. Some users in the comments have asked why using Promise.all
is worth it when it's only faster in the negative scenario (when some task fails). And I ask, why not? If I have two independent async parallel tasks and the first one takes a very long time to resolve but the second is rejected in a very short time, why leave the user to wait for the longer call to finish to receive an error message? In real-life applications we must consider the negative scenario. But OK - in this first difference you can decide which alternative to use: Promise.all
vs. multiple await
.
But when considering error handling, YOU MUST use Promise.all
. It is not possible to correctly handle errors of async parallel tasks triggered with multiple await
s. In the negative scenario, you will always end with UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning
and PromiseRejectionHandledWarning
, regardless of where you use try/ catch. That is why Promise.all
was designed. Of course someone could say that we can suppress those errors using process.on('unhandledRejection', err => {})
and process.on('rejectionHandled', err => {})
but this is not good practice. I've found many examples on the internet that do not consider error handling for two or more independent async parallel tasks at all, or consider it but in the wrong way - just using try/ catch and hoping it will catch errors. It's almost impossible to find good practice in this.
TL;DR: Never use multiple await
for two or more independent async parallel tasks, because you will not be able to handle errors correctly. Always use Promise.all()
for this use case.
Async/ await
is not a replacement for Promises, it's just a pretty way to use promises. Async code is written in "sync style" and we can avoid multiple then
s in promises.
Some people say that when using Promise.all()
we can't handle task errors separately, and that we can only handle the error from the first rejected promise (separate handling can be useful e.g. for logging). This is not a problem - see "Addition" heading at the bottom of this answer.
Consider this async task...
const task = function(taskNum, seconds, negativeScenario) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(_ => {
if (negativeScenario)
reject(new Error('Task ' + taskNum + ' failed!'));
else
resolve('Task ' + taskNum + ' succeed!');
}, seconds * 1000)
});
};
When you run tasks in the positive scenario there is no difference between Promise.all
and multiple await
s. Both examples end with Task 1 succeed! Task 2 succeed!
after 5 seconds.
// Promise.all alternative
const run = async function() {
// tasks run immediately in parallel and wait for both results
let [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([
task(1, 5, false),
task(2, 5, false)
]);
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run();
// at 5th sec: Task 1 succeed! Task 2 succeed!
// multiple await alternative
const run = async function() {
// tasks run immediately in parallel
let t1 = task(1, 5, false);
let t2 = task(2, 5, false);
// wait for both results
let r1 = await t1;
let r2 = await t2;
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run();
// at 5th sec: Task 1 succeed! Task 2 succeed!
However, when the first task takes 10 seconds and succeeds, and the second task takes 5 seconds but fails, there are differences in the errors issued.
// Promise.all alternative
const run = async function() {
let [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([
task(1, 10, false),
task(2, 5, true)
]);
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run();
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// multiple await alternative
const run = async function() {
let t1 = task(1, 10, false);
let t2 = task(2, 5, true);
let r1 = await t1;
let r2 = await t2;
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run();
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: PromiseRejectionHandledWarning: Promise rejection was handled asynchronously (rejection id: 1)
// at 10th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
We should already notice here that we are doing something wrong when using multiple await
s in parallel. Let's try handling the errors:
// Promise.all alternative
const run = async function() {
let [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([
task(1, 10, false),
task(2, 5, true)
]);
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run().catch(err => { console.log('Caught error', err); });
// at 5th sec: Caught error Error: Task 2 failed!
As you can see, to successfully handle errors, we need to add just one catch to the run
function and add code with catch logic into the callback. We do not need to handle errors inside the run
function because async functions do this automatically - promise rejection of the task
function causes rejection of the run
function.
To avoid a callback we can use "sync style" (async/ await
+ try/ catch)try { await run(); } catch(err) { }
but in this example it's not possible, because we can't use await
in the main thread - it can only be used in async functions (because nobody wants to block main thread). To test if handling works in "sync style" we can call the run
function from another async function or use an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression: MDN):
(async function() {
try {
await run();
} catch(err) {
console.log('Caught error', err);
}
})();
This is the only correct way to run two or more async parallel tasks and handle errors. You should avoid the examples below.
// multiple await alternative
const run = async function() {
let t1 = task(1, 10, false);
let t2 = task(2, 5, true);
let r1 = await t1;
let r2 = await t2;
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
We can try to handle errors in the code above in several ways...
try { run(); } catch(err) { console.log('Caught error', err); };
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: PromiseRejectionHandledWarning: Promise rejection was handled
... nothing got caught because it handles sync code but run
is async.
run().catch(err => { console.log('Caught error', err); });
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: Caught error Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: PromiseRejectionHandledWarning: Promise rejection was handled asynchronously (rejection id: 1)
... huh? We see firstly that the error for task 2 was not handled and later that it was caught. Misleading and still full of errors in console, it's still unusable this way.
(async function() { try { await run(); } catch(err) { console.log('Caught error', err); }; })();
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: Caught error Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: PromiseRejectionHandledWarning: Promise rejection was handled asynchronously (rejection id: 1)
... the same as above. User @Qwerty in his deleted answer asked about this strange behaviour where an error seems to be caught but are also unhandled. We catch error the because run()
is rejected on the line with the await
keyword and can be caught using try/ catch when calling run()
. We also get an unhandled error because we are calling an async task function synchronously (without the await
keyword), and this task runs and fails outside the run()
function.
It is similar to when we are not able to handle errors by try/ catch when calling some sync function which calls setTimeout:
function test() {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log(causesError);
}, 0);
};
try {
test();
} catch(e) {
/* this will never catch error */
}`.
Another poor example:
const run = async function() {
try {
let t1 = task(1, 10, false);
let t2 = task(2, 5, true);
let r1 = await t1;
let r2 = await t2;
}
catch (err) {
return new Error(err);
}
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run().catch(err => { console.log('Caught error', err); });
// at 5th sec: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Task 2 failed!
// at 10th sec: PromiseRejectionHandledWarning: Promise rejection was handled asynchronously (rejection id: 1)
... "only" two errors (3rd one is missing) but nothing is caught.
const run = async function() {
let [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([
task(1, 10, true).catch(err => { console.log('Task 1 failed!'); throw err; }),
task(2, 5, true).catch(err => { console.log('Task 2 failed!'); throw err; })
]);
console.log(r1 + ' ' + r2);
};
run().catch(err => { console.log('Run failed (does not matter which task)!'); });
// at 5th sec: Task 2 failed!
// at 5th sec: Run failed (does not matter which task)!
// at 10th sec: Task 1 failed!
... note that in this example I rejected both tasks to better demonstrate what happens (throw err
is used to fire final error).
If you love us? You can donate to us via Paypal or buy me a coffee so we can maintain and grow! Thank you!
Donate Us With