Abstract dataclass without abstract methods in Python: prohibit instantiation

Question

Even if a class is inherited from ABC, looks like it can still be instantiated unless it contains abstract methods.

Having the code below, what is the best way to prevent an Identifier object from being created: Identifier(['get', 'Name'])?

from abc import ABC
from typing import List
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Identifier(ABC):
    sub_tokens: List[str]

    @staticmethod
    def from_sub_tokens(sub_tokens):
        return SimpleIdentifier(sub_tokens) if len(sub_tokens) == 1 else CompoundIdentifier(sub_tokens)


@dataclass
class SimpleIdentifier(Identifier):
    pass


@dataclass
class CompoundIdentifier(Identifier):
    pass

Answer 1

You can create a AbstractDataclass class which guarantees this behaviour, and you can use this every time you have a situation like the one you described.

@dataclass 
class AbstractDataclass(ABC): 
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): 
        if cls == AbstractDataclass or cls.__bases__[0] == AbstractDataclass: 
            raise TypeError("Cannot instantiate abstract class.") 
        return super().__new__(cls)

So, if Identifier inherits from AbstractDataclass instead of from ABC directly, modifying the __post_init__ will not be needed.

@dataclass
class Identifier(AbstractDataclass):
    sub_tokens: List[str]

    @staticmethod
    def from_sub_tokens(sub_tokens):
        return SimpleIdentifier(sub_tokens) if len(sub_tokens) == 1 else CompoundIdentifier(sub_tokens)


@dataclass
class SimpleIdentifier(Identifier):
    pass


@dataclass
class CompoundIdentifier(Identifier):
    pass

Instantiating Identifier will raise TypeError but not instantiating SimpleIdentifier or CompountIdentifier. And the AbstractDataclass can be re-used in other parts of the code.

Answer 2

The easiest way I have found is to check the type of the object in the __post_init__ method:

@dataclass
class Identifier(ABC):
    ...

    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.__class__ == Identifier:
            raise TypeError("Cannot instantiate abstract class.")

    ...