Why is enum class preferred over plain enum?

Question

I heard a few people recommending to use enum classes in C++ because of their type safety.

But what does that really mean?

Answer 1

C++ has two kinds of enum:

1. enum classes
2. Plain enums

Here are a couple of examples on how to declare them:

 enum class Color { red, green, blue }; // enum class  enum Animal { dog, cat, bird, human }; // plain enum  

What is the difference between the two?

• enum classes - enumerator names are local to the enum and their values do not implicitly convert to other types (like another enum or int)

• Plain enums - where enumerator names are in the same scope as the enum and their values implicitly convert to integers and other types

Example:

enum Color { red, green, blue };                    // plain enum  enum Card { red_card, green_card, yellow_card };    // another plain enum  enum class Animal { dog, deer, cat, bird, human };  // enum class enum class Mammal { kangaroo, deer, human };        // another enum class  void fun() {      // examples of bad use of plain enums:     Color color = Color::red;     Card card = Card::green_card;      int num = color;    // no problem      if (color == Card::red_card) // no problem (bad)         cout << "bad" << endl;      if (card == Color::green)   // no problem (bad)         cout << "bad" << endl;      // examples of good use of enum classes (safe)     Animal a = Animal::deer;     Mammal m = Mammal::deer;      int num2 = a;   // error     if (m == a)         // error (good)         cout << "bad" << endl;      if (a == Mammal::deer) // error (good)         cout << "bad" << endl;  } 

Conclusion:

enum classes should be preferred because they cause fewer surprises that could potentially lead to bugs.