Why does String.valueOf(null) throw a NullPointerException?

Question

The issue is that String.valueOf method is overloaded:

• String.valueOf(Object)
• String.valueOf(char[])

Java Specification Language mandates that in these kind of cases, the most specific overload is chosen:

JLS 15.12.2.5 Choosing the Most Specific Method

If more than one member method is both accessible and applicable to a method invocation, it is necessary to choose one to provide the descriptor for the run-time method dispatch. The Java programming language uses the rule that the most specific method is chosen.

A char[] is-an Object, but not all Object is-a char[]. Therefore, char[] is more specific than Object, and as specified by the Java language, the String.valueOf(char[]) overload is chosen in this case.

String.valueOf(char[]) expects the array to be non-null, and since null is given in this case, it then throws NullPointerException.

The easy "fix" is to cast the null explicitly to Object as follows:

System.out.println(String.valueOf((Object) null));
// prints "null"

Related questions

• How does polymorph ambiguity distinction work?
• Which overload will get selected for null in Java?

---

Moral of the story

There are several important ones:

• Effective Java 2nd Edition, Item 41: Use overloading judiciously
  • Just because you can overload, doesn't mean you should every time
  • They can cause confusion (especially if the methods do wildly different things)
• Using good IDE, you can check which overload is selected at compile time
  • With Eclipse, you can mouse-hover on the above expression and see that indeed, the valueOf(char[]) overload is selected!
• Sometimes you want to explicitly cast null (examples to follow)

See also

• Polymorphism vs Overriding vs Overloading
• Method Overloading. Can you overuse it?

---

On casting null

There are at least two situations where explicitly casting null to a specific reference type is necessary:

• To select overloading (as given in above example)
• To give null as a single argument to a vararg parameter

A simple example of the latter is the following:

static void vararg(Object... os) {
    System.out.println(os.length);
}

Then, we can have the following:

vararg(null, null, null); // prints "3"
vararg(null, null);       // prints "2"
vararg(null);             // throws NullPointerException!

vararg((Object) null);    // prints "1"

See also

• Java Language Guide/varargs - to understand how it's implemented

Related questions

• Why null cast?
• Difference between double… and double[] in formal parameter type declaration

The problem is that you're calling String.valueOf(char[]) and not String.valueOf(Object).

The reason for this is that Java will always choose the most specific version of an overloaded method that works with the provided parameters. null is a valid value for an Object parameter, but it's also a valid value for a char[] parameter.

To make Java use the Object version, either pass in null via a variable or specify an explicit cast to Object:

Object o = null;
System.out.println("String.valueOf(null) = " + String.valueOf(o));
// or
System.out.println("String.valueOf(null) = " + String.valueOf((Object) null));

A bug, numbered 4867608 was filed for this way back in 2003, which was resolved as "won't fix" with this explanation.

We can't change this due to compatibility constraints. Note that it is the public static String valueOf(char data[]) method which ends up being invoked and it does not mention the replacement of "null" for null arguments.

@###.### 2003-05-23