I have a program similar to this:
switch(x)
{ case 1:
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
   if ((i==3) || (i==4) || (i==5) || (i==6) || (i==7))
   {
      if (foobar[i])
         break;    // i am talking about this break
   }
}
...further program
break;   /not this break
if foobar[i] is true, would the program break out of the case label or the for loop?
The break follows a LIFO type nature, that is, the last break will come out of the first control structure. So, the break that you chose would break out of the for-loop, not the case.
The for loop.  
Please see: break Statement (C++):
The break statement ends execution of the nearest enclosing loop or conditional statement in which it appears. Control passes to the statement that follows the ended statement, if any.
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