I'm using linux ubuntu server. When I'm checking file permissions with ls -l
. All file permissions are starting with hyphen (-)
.
Example:
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 418 Sep 25 2013 index.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 19930 Apr 9 23:50 license.txt
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 7194 May 7 20:43 readme.html
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 4896 Dec 24 2013 wp-activate.php
drwxrwxrwx 9 www-data www-data 4096 Jul 18 10:03 wp-admin
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 271 Jan 8 2012 wp-blog-header.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 4818 Feb 18 21:45 wp-comments-post.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 3361 Jul 18 10:02 wp-config.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 3087 Oct 24 2013 wp-config-sample.php
drwxrwxrwx 5 www-data www-data 4096 Jul 18 10:14 wp-content
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 2932 Sep 25 2013 wp-cron.php
drwxrwxrwx 12 www-data www-data 4096 May 8 17:45 wp-includes
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 2380 Oct 24 2013 wp-links-opml.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 2359 Oct 24 2013 wp-load.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 32671 Apr 13 16:06 wp-login.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 8235 Nov 13 2013 wp-mail.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 11070 Apr 7 20:15 wp-settings.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 25665 Nov 13 2013 wp-signup.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 4026 Oct 24 2013 wp-trackback.php
-rwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 3032 Feb 9 20:39 xmlrpc.php
What is the meaning of this hyphen?
Some permitions are started with d
.
I can't understand this first position character. Please help me.
Note:
I know about this chars r = read , w = write , x = execute
.
Here are the possible values of the first character from the manual (type man ls
at the command line):
b Block special file.
c Character special file.
d Directory.
l Symbolic link.
s Socket link.
p FIFO.
- Regular file.
d is for directory. So those that have - are not directories.
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