What is the difference between a compile time type vs run time type for any object in Java?

Question

What is the difference between compile time and run time type of any object in Java ? I am reading Effective Java book and Joshua Bloch mentions about compile time type and run time types of array instances in Item 26 many times mainly to describe that suppressing cast warnings can be safe sometimes.

// Appropriate suppression of unchecked warning
public E pop() {
 if (size == 0)
   throw new EmptyStackException();
   // push requires elements to be of type E, so cast is correct
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E result = (E) elements[--size];
   elements[size] = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference
   return result;
}

Here the author is talking about these different types of types in context of arrays . But through this question I would like to understand the difference between compile time types vs run time types for any type of object .

Answer 1

Java is a statically typed language, so the compiler will attempt to determine the types of everything and make sure that everything is type safe. Unfortunately static type inference is inherently limited. The compiler has to be conservative, and is also unable to see runtime information. Therefore, it will be unable to prove that certain code is typesafe, even if it really is.

The run time type refers to the actual type of the variable at runtime. As the programmer, you hopefully know this better than the compiler, so you can suppress warnings when you know that it is safe to do so.

For example, consider the following code (which will not compile)

public class typetest{
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Object x = args;
        String[] y = x;

        System.out.println(y[0])
    }
}

The variable x will always have type String[], but the compiler isn't able to figure this out. Therefore, you need an explicit cast when assigning it to y.

Answer 2

An example

Number x;

if (userInput.equals("integer")) {
    x = new Integer(5);
} else {
    x = new Float(3.14);
}

There are two types related to x

• the type of the name x. In the example, it's Number. This is determined at compile-time and can never change, hence it's the static type
• the type of the value x refers to. In the example, it can be Integer or Float, depending on some external condition. The compiler cannot know the type at compilation time. It is determined at runtime (hence dynamic type), and may change multiple times, as long as it's a subclass of the static type.

Answer 3

Java is statically typed. That means that every expression (including variables) in the language has a type that is known at compile time according to the rules of the language. This is known as the static type (what you call "compile-time type"). The types in Java are the primitive types and the reference types.

Also, each object at runtime in Java has a "class" (here, "class" includes the fictitious array "classes"), which is known at runtime. The class of an object is the class that an object was created with.

Part of the confusion comes from the fact that each class (and interface and array type) in Java has a corresponding reference type, with the name of the class (or interface or array type). The value of a reference type is a reference, which can either be null or point to an object. The Java language is designed so that a reference of reference type X, if not null will always point to an object whose class is the class X or a subclass thereof (or for interfaces, whose class implements the interface X).

Note that the runtime class applies objects, but objects are not values in Java. Types, on the other hand, apply to variables and expressions, which are compile-time concepts. A variable or expression can never have the value of an object, because there are no object types; it can have a value of a reference that points to an object.