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How are strings implemented in Java 9 under the hood? Is each character stored as one or two bytes?
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By new keyword : Java String is created by using a keyword “new”. For example: String s=new String(“Welcome”); It creates two objects (in String pool and in heap) and one reference variable where the variable 's' will refer to the object in the heap.
String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuilder (or StringBuffer ) class and its append method. String conversions are implemented through the method toString , defined by Object and inherited by all classes in Java.
The Java(9) Platform module system: introduced the following features as part of Jigsaw Project: Modular JDK. Modular Java Source Code. Modular Run-time Images.
Because most usages of Strings are Latin-1 and only require one byte, Java-9's String will be updated to be implemented under the hood as a byte array with an encoding flag field to note if it is a byte array. If the characters are not Latin-1 and require more than one byte it will be stored as a UTF-16 char array (2 bytes per char) and the flag. See JEP 254 .
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