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For example, this commit is claimed to be authored by mattcaswell and committed by richsalz
What usage flow could have caused this? Suppose I want a commit which is authored by someone else and committed by me to appear in a repo where I'm a contributor - how would I have that?
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Authors are the people who wrote a specific piece of code - committers are the people who put these changes into the git "history". Normally both are the same (and doesn't change on merging, cloning, pushing or pulling).
GitHub uses the email address in the commit header to link the commit to a GitHub user. If your commits are being linked to another user, or not linked to a user at all, you may need to change your local Git configuration settings, add an email address to your account email settings, or do both.
The author is the person who originally wrote the code. The committer, on the other hand, is assumed to be the person who committed the code on behalf of the original author. This is important in Git because Git allows you to rewrite history, or apply patches on behalf of another person.
Git distinguishes between authors and committers (see Difference between author and committer in Git?). Authors are the people who wrote a specific piece of code - committers are the people who put these changes into the git "history".
Normally both are the same (and doesn't change on merging, cloning, pushing or pulling).
Causing the two to point to different people can happen on rebasing, editing a commit (e.g. amending), doing a commit on behalf of someone else (e.g. by specifying --author), applying patches (git am), squashing (e.g., on merge or rebase), or cherry-picking.
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