What does $$ mean in the shell?

Question

$$ is the process ID (PID) in bash. Using $$ is a bad idea, because it will usually create a race condition, and allow your shell-script to be subverted by an attacker. See, for example, all these people who created insecure temporary files and had to issue security advisories.

Instead, use mktemp. The Linux man page for mktemp is excellent. Here's some example code from it:

tempfoo=`basename $0`
TMPFILE=`mktemp -t ${tempfoo}` || exit 1
echo "program output" >> $TMPFILE

In Bash $$ is the process ID, as noted in the comments it is not safe to use as a temp filename for a variety of reasons.

For temporary file names, use the mktemp command.

$$ is the id of the current process.

Every process in a UNIX like operating system has a (temporarily) unique identifier, the PID. No two processes running at the same time can have the same PID, and $$ refers to the PID of the bash instance running the script.

This is very much not a unique idenifier in the sense that it will never be reused (indeed, PIDs are reused constantly). What it does give you is a number such that, if another person runs your script, they will get a different identifier whilst yours is still running. Once yours dies, the PID may be recycled and someone else might run your script, get the same PID, and so get the same filename.

As such, it is only really sane to say "$$ gives a filename such that if someone else runs the same script whist my instance is still running, they will get a different name".

$$ is your PID. It doesn't really generate a unique filename, unless you are careful and no one else does it exactly the same way.

Typically you'd create something like /tmp/myprogramname$$

There're so many ways to break this, and if you're writing to locations other folks can write to it's not too difficult on many OSes to predict what PID you're going to have and screw around -- imagine you're running as root and I create /tmp/yourprogname13395 as a symlink pointing to /etc/passwd -- and you write into it.

This is a bad thing to be doing in a shell script. If you're going to use a temporary file for something, you ought to be using a better language which will at least let you add the "exclusive" flag for opening (creating) the file. Then you can be sure you're not clobbering something else.

$$ is the pid (process id) of the shell interpreter running your script. It's different for each process running on a system at the moment, but over time the pid wraps around, and after you exit there will be another process with same pid eventually.As long as you're running, the pid is unique to you.

From the definition above it should be obvious that no matter how many times you use $$ in a script, it will return the same number.

You can use, e.g. /tmp/myscript.scratch.$$ as your temp file for things that need not be extremely reliable or secure. It's a good practice to delete such temp files at the end of your script, using, for example, trap command:

trap "echo 'Cleanup in progress'; rm -r $TMP_DIR" EXIT