vector of future in c++11

Question

Hi I have created a vector of future in C++11 using a lambda function.

 vector<double> v = { 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5 };
auto K = [=](double z){
    double y=0; 
for (const auto x : v)
    y += x*x*z;
return y;
};
vector<future<double>> VF;
for (double i : {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9})
VF.push_back(async(K,i));

It worked successfully but when I tried to retrieve the values via a for_each call I obtained a compilation error that I do not understand.

 for_each(VF.begin(), VF.end(), [](future<double> x){cout << x.get() << " "; });

The values were successfully obtained by an old style for loop:

 for (int i = 0; i < VF.size(); i++)
    cout << VF[i].get() << " ";

Why I was not able to use the for_each function ? I was using Visual Studio 2013 trying also the INTEL ( V16) compiler.

Answer 1

Here is the test code presented using either of the two legal options:

#include <vector>
#include <future>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

// option 1 : pass a reference to the future
void test1()
{
    vector<double> v = { 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5 };
    auto K = [=](double z){
    double y=0; 
    for (const auto x : v)
        y += x*x*z;
    return y;
    };

    vector<future<double>> VF;
    for (double i : {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9})
    VF.push_back(async(K,i));

    for_each(VF.begin(), VF.end(), [](future<double>& x){cout << x.get() << " "; });
}

// option 2 : store shared_futures which allow passing copies
void test2()
{
    vector<double> v = { 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5 };
    auto K = [=](double z){
    double y=0; 
    for (const auto x : v)
        y += x*x*z;
    return y;
    };

    vector<shared_future<double>> VF;
    for (double i : {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9})
    VF.push_back(async(K,i));

    for_each(VF.begin(), VF.end(), [](shared_future<double> x){cout << x.get() << " "; });
}

Answer 2

You can't copy futures.

Either use a reference, or store a shared_future.

Answer 3

Copy constructor of future is deleted, so you cannot copy them. Use reference:

for_each(VF.begin(), VF.end(), [](future<double>& x){cout << x.get() << " "; });
                                                ^~~~~ !