TypeNameHandling with attribute on a class

Question

I use TypeNameHandling to serialize and deserialize a list of derived class in json. It work perfectly with a property and the attribute JsonProperty

public abstract class Animal
{
    public bool CanFly { get; set;}
}

public class FlyingAnimal : Animal
{
    public FlyingAnimal() { this.CanFly = true; }
}

public class SwimmingAnimal : Animal
{
    public SwimmingAnimal() { this.CanFly = false; }
}

public class World
{
    public World() { 
        this.Animals = new List<Animal>(); 
        this.Animals.Add(new FlyingAnimal());
        this.Animals.Add(new SwimmingAnimal());
    }

    [JsonProperty(ItemTypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.Auto)]
    public List<Animal> Animals { get; set; }
}

Now, I need a WebAPI returning a list of derived class:

[RoutePrefix("Animals")]
public class AnimalsController : ApiController
{
    public List<Animal> Get()
    {
        List<Animal> animals = new List<Animal>(); 
        animals.Add(new FlyingAnimal());
        animals.Add(new SwimmingAnimal());
        return animals;
    }
}

Is there an attribute to put on the base class to include the type in the serialization? I tried without success :

[JsonObject(ItemTypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.Auto)]
public abstract class Animal

I know i can change the JsonSerializerSettings but i want a solution with an attribute on the base class

Answer 1

There is no functionality to do this out-of-the box in Json.NET, but you could do it with a custom contract resolver:

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class| AttributeTargets.Interface, AllowMultiple = false, Inherited = false)]
public class AddJsonTypenameAttribute : System.Attribute
{
}

public class AddJsonTypenameContractResolver : DefaultContractResolver
{
    // As of 7.0.1, Json.NET suggests using a static instance for "stateless" contract resolvers, for performance reasons.
    // http://www.newtonsoft.com/json/help/html/ContractResolver.htm
    // http://www.newtonsoft.com/json/help/html/M_Newtonsoft_Json_Serialization_DefaultContractResolver__ctor_1.htm
    // "Use the parameterless constructor and cache instances of the contract resolver within your application for optimal performance."
    // See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33557737/does-json-net-cache-types-serialization-information
    static AddJsonTypenameContractResolver instance;

    // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler not to mark type as beforefieldinit
    static AddJsonTypenameContractResolver() { instance = new AddJsonTypenameContractResolver(); }

    public static AddJsonTypenameContractResolver Instance { get { return instance; } }

    protected override JsonProperty CreateProperty(MemberInfo member, MemberSerialization memberSerialization)
    {
        return base.CreateProperty(member, memberSerialization)
            .ApplyAddTypenameAttribute();
    }

    protected override JsonArrayContract CreateArrayContract(Type objectType)
    {
        return base.CreateArrayContract(objectType)
            .ApplyAddTypenameAttribute();
    }
}

public static class ContractResolverExtensions
{
    public static JsonProperty ApplyAddTypenameAttribute(this JsonProperty jsonProperty)
    {
        if (jsonProperty.TypeNameHandling == null)
        {
            if (jsonProperty.PropertyType.GetCustomAttribute<AddJsonTypenameAttribute>(false) != null)
            {
                jsonProperty.TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.All;
            }
        }
        return jsonProperty;
    }

    public static JsonArrayContract ApplyAddTypenameAttribute(this JsonArrayContract contract)
    {
        if (contract.ItemTypeNameHandling == null)
        {
            if (contract.CollectionItemType.GetCustomAttribute<AddJsonTypenameAttribute>(false) != null)
            {
                contract.ItemTypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.All;
            }
        }
        return contract;
    }
}

Then apply it to your interfaces or base types as follows:

[AddJsonTypename]
public interface IAnimal
{
    bool CanFly { get; }
}

[AddJsonTypename]
public abstract class Animal : IAnimal
{
    public bool CanFly { get; set; }
}

Note that the attribute is marked with Inherited = false. This means a List<Animal> will have type information inserted automatically but a List<FlyingAnimal> will not. Also note that this will not force type information to be emitted for a root object. If you need this, see perhaps here.

Finally, to use the contract resolver with Web API, see for instance Web API 2: how to return JSON with camelCased property names, on objects and their sub-objects. And do take note of this caution from the Newtonsoft docs:

TypeNameHandling should be used with caution when your application deserializes JSON from an external source. Incoming types should be validated with a custom SerializationBinder when deserializing with a value other than None.

For a discussion of why this may be necessary, see TypeNameHandling caution in Newtonsoft Json, How to configure Json.NET to create a vulnerable web API, and Alvaro Muñoz & Oleksandr Mirosh's blackhat paper https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Munoz-Friday-The-13th-JSON-Attacks-wp.pdf.