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Hi I am having trouble with this error message. I am new to Python and this Python2 and Python3 is a hassle. I'm not sure what to do here, the error message is as shown below.
Using Ticker: AAPL Traceback (most recent call last): File "realtime.py", line 18, in <module> r=requests.get(auth_url, headers={"Authorization": "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD'])}) File "C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\lib\base64.py", line 58, in b64encode encoded = binascii.b2a_base64(s, newline=False) TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' The code I am using is as shown below.
import websocket import _thread import time import requests import base64 import json import sys import os from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth try: print ("Using Ticker: " + str(sys.argv[1])) except: print ("Please include ticker as first argument") sys.exit() auth_url = "https://realtime.intrinio.com/auth"; r=requests.get(auth_url, headers={"Authorization": "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD'])}) socket_target = "wss://realtime.intrinio.com/socket/websocket?token=%s" % (r.text) def on_message(ws, message): try: result = json.loads(message) print (result["payload"]) except: print (message) def on_error(ws, error): print ("###ERROR### " + error) def on_close(ws): print ("###CONNECTION CLOSED###") def on_open(ws): def run(*args): security = "iex:securities:" + str(sys.argv[1]).upper() message = json.dumps({"topic": security,"event": "phx_join","payload": {},"ref": "1"}) ws.send(message) thread.start_new_thread(run, ()) websocket.enableTrace(True) ws = websocket.WebSocketApp(socket_target, on_message = on_message, on_error = on_error, on_close = on_close) ws.on_open = on_open ws.run_forever() 
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You cannot write a string to a file, you need to encode the string to a byte-like object to do so. By running the encode() method of a string, we get the encoded version of it in the default encoding, which is usually utf-8 .
Binary files are considered a series of bytes data and not as a string. It means that all data read from the file is returned as bytes objects, not str. We can solve this error by opening the file in read-only mode instead of binary mode, as shown below.
Bytes-like object in python In Python, a string object is a series of characters that make a string. In the same manner, a byte object is a sequence of bits/bytes that represent data. Strings are human-readable while bytes are computer-readable. Data is converted into byte form before it is stored on a computer.
You should encode str into bytes.
data_string = os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD'] data_bytes = data_string.encode("utf-8") base64.b64encode(data_bytes) If you love us? You can donate to us via Paypal or buy me a coffee so we can maintain and grow! Thank you!
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