The difference between percentage and fr units

Question

I am playing around with CSS Grid Layout and came across a question I cannot find an answer for.

Consider the following example:

:root {    --grid-columns: 12;    --column-gap: 10px;    --row-gap: 10px;  }    .grid {    display: grid;    grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--grid-columns), calc(100% / var(--grid-columns)));    grid-column-gap: var(--column-gap);    grid-row-gap: var(--row-gap);    justify-content: center;		  }     [class*=l-] {    border: 1px solid red;  }    .l-1 {    grid-column-start: span 1;		  }    .l-2 {    grid-column-start: span 2;  }    .l-3 {    grid-column-start: span 3;  }    .l-4 {    grid-column-start: span 4;  }    .l-5 {    grid-column-start: span 5;  }    .l-6 {    grid-column-start: span 6;  }    .l-7 {    grid-column-start: span 7;  }    .l-8 {    grid-column-start: span 8;  }    .l-9 {    grid-column-start: span 9;  }    .l-10 {    grid-column-start: span 10;  }    .l-11 {    grid-column-start: span 11;  }    .l-12 {    grid-column-start: span 12;  }

<div class="grid">    <div class="l-6">Column 1</div>    <div class="l-6">Column 2</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 3</div>    <div class="l-4">Column 4</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 5</div>			    <div class="l-2">Column 6</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 7</div>    <div class="l-10">Column 8</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 9</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 10</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 11</div>    <div class="l-2">Column 12</div>  </div>

As you can see the columns go out of the screen width because of the percentage width set with calc(100% / var(--grid-columns)).

But if I use fr units, it works perfectly:

:root {    --grid-columns: 12;    --column-gap: 10px;    --row-gap: 10px;  }    .grid {    display: grid;    grid-template-columns: repeat(var(--grid-columns), 1fr);     grid-column-gap: var(--column-gap);    grid-row-gap: var(--row-gap);    justify-content: center;		  }    [class*=l-] {    border: 1px solid red;  }    .l-1 {    grid-column-start: span 1;		  }    .l-2 {    grid-column-start: span 2;  }    .l-3 {    grid-column-start: span 3;  }    .l-4 {    grid-column-start: span 4;  }    .l-5 {    grid-column-start: span 5;  }    .l-6 {    grid-column-start: span 6;  }    .l-7 {    grid-column-start: span 7;  }    .l-8 {    grid-column-start: span 8;  }    .l-9 {    grid-column-start: span 9;  }    .l-10 {    grid-column-start: span 10;  }    .l-11 {    grid-column-start: span 11;  }    .l-12 {    grid-column-start: span 12;  }

<div class="grid">    <div class="l-6">Column 1</div>    <div class="l-6">Column 2</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 3</div>    <div class="l-4">Column 4</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 5</div>			    <div class="l-2">Column 6</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 7</div>    <div class="l-10">Column 8</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 9</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 10</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 11</div>    <div class="l-2">Column 12</div>  </div>

The resources used to find an answer:

• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/grid-template-columns

• https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/complete-guide-grid/

• https://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/

Would be great if anyone could explain why the percentage widths make such a difference.

Answer 1

fr

The fr unit works only with the free space in the container.

So in your code:

grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr); 

... the free space in the container is distributed equally among 12 columns.

Since the columns are only dealing with free space, grid-column-gap is not a factor. It was subtracted from the container width before the fr length was determined (spec reference).

Here's how the browser does the calculation:

(free space - gutters) / 12  = 1fr 

---

%

When you're using percentages...

grid-template-columns: repeat(12, calc(100% / 12)); 

... the container is divided into 12 columns, each having a width of 8.33333%. This is an actual length, unlike the fr unit, which only deals with free space.

Both the column lengths and grid gaps are factored into the width.

Here's how the browser does the calculation:

8.33333% * 12 = 100%          + 11 * 10px     = 110px 

There's a clear overflow.

(Note: grid-*-gap properties apply only between grid items – never between items and the container. That's why the number of grid-gaps is 11, not 13.)

This works:

grid-template-columns: repeat(12, calc(8.3333% - 9.1667px)); 

Which breaks down to this:

• 12 columns

• the width of each column is determined by taking the full width of the container (100%) and dividing it by 12

  100% / 12 = 8.3333% (individual column width) 

• then subtract the column gaps (there are 11)

   10px * 11 = 110px (total width of column gaps)  110px / 12 = 9.1667px (amount to be deducted from each column) 

.grid {    display: grid;    grid-template-columns: repeat(12, calc(8.3333% - 9.1667px));    grid-column-gap: 10px;    grid-row-gap: 10px;    justify-content: center;  }    .l-1 { grid-column-start: span 1; }  .l-2 { grid-column-start: span 2; }  .l-3 { grid-column-start: span 3; }  .l-4 { grid-column-start: span 4; }  .l-5 { grid-column-start: span 5; }  .l-6 { grid-column-start: span 6; }  .l-7 { grid-column-start: span 7; }  .l-8 { grid-column-start: span 8; }  .l-9 { grid-column-start: span 9; }  .l-10 { grid-column-start: span 10; }  .l-11 { grid-column-start: span 11; }  .l-12 { grid-column-start: span 12; }  [class*=l-] { border: 1px solid red; }

<div class="grid">    <div class="l-6">Column 1</div>    <div class="l-6">Column 2</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 3</div>    <div class="l-4">Column 4</div>    <div class="l-3">Column 5</div>    <div class="l-2">Column 6</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 7</div>    <div class="l-10">Column 8</div>    <div class="l-1">Column 9</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 10</div>    <div class="l-5">Column 11</div>    <div class="l-2">Column 12</div>  </div>