Template classes with specialised constructors

Question

Consider the following contrived example of a templated array definition:

template <typename t, unsigned int n> class TBase
{
protected:
    t m_Data[n];

    //...
};

template <typename t, unsigned int n> class TDerived : public TBase<t, n>
{
    TDerived()
    {
    }
};

I can specialize this type to provide a non-default constructor for an array of length 2 as follows:

template <typename t> class TDerived<t, 2> : public TBase<t, 2>
{
public:
    TDerived(const t& x0, const t& x1)
    {
        m_Data[0] = x0;
        m_Data[1] = x1;
    }
};

int main()
{
    TDerived<float, 2> Array2D_A(2.0f, 3.0f); //uses specialised constructor
    TDerived<float, 3> Array3D_A;             //uses default constructor

    return 0;
}

Is there some other way I can create a class that has different constructor options constrained against template parameters at compile-time without the requirement for a complete class specialisation for each variation?

In other words, is there some way I can have specialised constructors in the TBase class without the need for the intermediary step of creating TDerived whilst preserving the functionality of TBase?

Answer 1

I think deriving your class from a base class is not relevant to the question here, that's a mere implementation detail. What you really seem to be after is if there's a way to partially specialize member functions, like the constructor. Do you want something like this?

template <typename T, int N> class Foo
{
    Foo(); // general
    template <typename U> Foo<U, 2>(); // specialized, NOT REAL CODE
};

This doesn't work. You always have to specialize the entire class. The reason is simple: You have to know the full type of the class first before you even know which member functions exist. Consider the following simple situation:

template <typename  T> class Bar
{
  void somefunction(const T&);
};

template <> class Bar<int>
{
  double baz(char, int);
};

Now Bar<T>::somefunction() depends on T, but the function only exists when T is not int, because Bar<int> is an entirely different class.

Or consider even another specialization template <> class Bar<double> : public Zip {}; -- even the polymorphic nature of a class can be entirely different in a specialization!

So the only way you can provide specializations new declarations of members, including constructors, is by specializing the entire class. (You can specialize the definition of existing functions, see @Alf's answer.)