System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or assembly 'X' or one of its dependencies when deploying the application

Question

I'm having a strange problem with deploying an application, which references an assembly, written in managed c++.

I've created an assembly X, compiled it and referenced it in an exe file, called Starter.

Starter.exe starts normally on local mashine. However, when I copy ALL contents of the starter debug folder to a virtual mashine, and try to start it there, it crashes with following exception:

Unhandled Exception: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or  assembly 'X' or one of its dependencies. The specified module could not be found. 

This does not make any sense to me, because X is right in the same folder as Starter.exe.

What could be causing this problem?

UPDATE

I've examined the dependencies in Reflector on the target machine, and it was able to find files for all of those.

I've also changed the configurations to x86/win32 for all projects.

UPDATE

Here are the logs from Fusion Log (location: C:\FusionLog\Default\Starter.exe\X, Version=1.0.4538.22813, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null.HTM):

*** Assembly Binder Log Entry  (6/4/2012 @ 1:56:13 PM) ***  The operation was successful. Bind result: hr = 0x0. The operation completed successfully.  Assembly manager loaded from:  C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll Running under executable  C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\Starter.exe --- A detailed error log follows.   === Pre-bind state information === LOG: User = MENKAUR-7683827\Administrator LOG: DisplayName = X, Version=1.0.4538.22813, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null  (Fully-specified) LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/Desktop/tmp/k;k/ LOG: Initial PrivatePath = NULL LOG: Dynamic Base = NULL LOG: Cache Base = NULL LOG: AppName = Starter.exe Calling assembly : Starter, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null. === LOG: This bind starts in default load context. LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\Starter.exe.Config LOG: Using host configuration file:  LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config. LOG: Policy not being applied to reference at this time (private, custom, partial, or location-based assembly bind). LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/Desktop/tmp/k;k/X.DLL. LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\X.dll LOG: Entering run-from-source setup phase. LOG: Assembly Name is: X, Version=1.0.4538.22813, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null LOG: Binding succeeds. Returns assembly from C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\X.dll. LOG: Assembly is loaded in default load context. 

The only errors are in C:\FusionLog\NativeImage\Starter.exe\ directory:

*** Assembly Binder Log Entry  (6/4/2012 @ 1:56:13 PM) ***  The operation failed. Bind result: hr = 0x80070002. The system cannot find the file specified.  Assembly manager loaded from:  C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll Running under executable  C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\Starter.exe --- A detailed error log follows.   === Pre-bind state information === LOG: User = MENKAUR-7683827\Administrator LOG: DisplayName = BookmarkWiz.Kernel, Version=1.0.4538.22813, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null  (Fully-specified) LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/Desktop/tmp/k;k/ LOG: Initial PrivatePath = NULL LOG: Dynamic Base = NULL LOG: Cache Base = NULL LOG: AppName = Starter.exe Calling assembly : Starter, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null. === LOG: Start binding of native image X, Version=1.0.4538.22813, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null. WRN: No matching native image found. LOG: IL assembly loaded from C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\tmp\k;k\X.dll. 

I cannot sign the assembly, as it references several other assemblies, which are not signed

Answer 1

... Could not load file or assembly 'X' or one of its dependencies ...

Most likely it fails to load another dependency.

you could try to check the dependencies with a dependency walker.

I.e: https://www.dependencywalker.com/

Also check your build configuration (x86 / 64)

Edit: I also had this problem once when I was copying dlls in zip from a "untrusted" network share. The file was locked by Windows and the FileNotFoundException was raised.

See here: Detected DLLs that are from the internet and "blocked" by CASPOL