struct alignment C/C++

Question

In c/c++ (I am assuming they are the same in this regard), if I have the following:

struct S {   T a;   .   .   . } s; 

Is the following guaranteed to be true?

(void*)&s == (void*)&s.a; 

Or in other words, is there any kind of guarantee that there will be no padding before the first member?

Answer 1

In C, yes, they're the same address. Simple, and straightforward.

---

In C++, no, they're not the same address. Base classes can (and I would suspect, do) come before all members, and virtual member functions usually add hidden data to the struct somewhere. Even more confusing, a C++ compiler may also rearrange members at will, unless the class is a standard layout type (though I don't know that any compiler does so)

Finally, if the C++ struct is composed of standard layout types, contains no base classes nor virtual functions and all members have the same visibility, and possibly other limitations I forgot, then it falls back on the C rules, and requires the first member to be at the same address as the object itself.

§ 9.2/7

A standard-layout class is a class that:
— has no non-static data members of type non-standard-layout class (or array of such types) or reference,
— has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1),
— has the same access control (Clause 11) for all non-static data members,
— has no non-standard-layout base classes,
— either has no non-static data members in the most derived class and at most one base class with non-static data members, or has no base classes with non-static data members, and
— has no base classes of the same type as the first non-static data member.

§ 9.2/20

A pointer to a standard-layout struct object, suitably converted using a reinterpret_cast, points to its initial member (or if that member is a bit-field, then to the unit in which it resides) and vice versa. [ Note: There might therefore be unnamed padding within a standard-layout struct object, but not at its beginning, as necessary to achieve appropriate alignment. —end note ]

Answer 2

Yes, it is.

It is guaranteed there is no padding before the first struct member in C and in C++ (if it is a POD).

C quote:

(C11, 6.7.2.1p15) "There may be unnamed padding within a structure object, but not at its beginning."

C++ quote:

(C++11, 9.2p20) "There might therefore be unnamed padding within a standard-layout struct object, but not at its beginning, as necessary to achieve appropriate alignment"