Part 1: What should be the signature of a function returning an async function?
pub async fn some_async_func(arg: &str) {}
// What should be sig here?
pub fn higher_order_func(action: &str) -> ???
{
some_async_func
}
Part 2: What should be the sig, if based on the action parameter, higher_order_func had to return either async_func1 or async_func2.
I am also interested in learning the performance tradeoffs if there are multiple solutions. Please note that I'd like to return the function itself as an fn pointer or an Fn* trait, and not the result of invoking it.
Async functions always return a promise. If the return value of an async function is not explicitly a promise, it will be implicitly wrapped in a promise. Note: Even though the return value of an async function behaves as if it's wrapped in a Promise.resolve , they are not equivalent.
The easiest way is to make main async. To do this you need the #[tokio::main] macro. As an alternative to this, you can construct a Runtime object and use block_on .
Async functions are available natively in Node and are denoted by the async keyword in their declaration. They always return a promise, even if you don't explicitly write them to do so. Also, the await keyword is only available inside async functions at the moment – it cannot be used in the global scope.
The async/await syntax is supported directly by the Rust compiler. Many utility types, macros and functions are provided by the futures crate. They can be used in any async Rust application. Execution of async code, IO and task spawning are provided by "async runtimes", such as Tokio and async-std.
Returning the actual function pointer requires heap allocation and a wrapper:
use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;
pub async fn some_async_func(arg: &str) {}
pub fn some_async_func_wrapper<'a>(arg: &'a str)
-> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=()> + 'a>>
{
Box::pin(some_async_func(arg))
}
pub fn higher_order_func<'a>(action: &str)
-> fn(&'a str) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=()> + 'a>>
{
some_async_func_wrapper
}
Why boxing? higher_order_func
needs to have a concrete return type, which is a function pointer. The pointed function needs to also have a concrete return type, which is impossible for async
function since it returns opaque type. In theory, it could be possible to write return type as fn(&'a str) -> impl Future<Output=()> + 'a
, but this would require much more guesswork from the compiler and currently is not supported.
If you are OK with Fn
instead of fn
, you can get rid of the wrapper:
pub async fn some_async_func(arg: &str) {}
pub fn higher_order_func<'a>(action: &str)
-> impl Fn(&'a str) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=()> + 'a>>
{
|arg: &'a str| {
Box::pin(some_async_func(arg))
}
}
To return a different function based on action
value, you will need to box the closure itself, which is one more heap allocation:
pub async fn some_async_func_one(arg: &str) {}
pub async fn some_async_func_two(arg: &str) {}
pub fn higher_order_func<'a>(action: &str)
-> Box<dyn Fn(&'a str) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=()> + 'a>>>
{
if action.starts_with("one") {
Box::new(|arg: &'a str| {
Box::pin(some_async_func_one(arg))
})
} else {
Box::new(|arg: &'a str| {
Box::pin(some_async_func_two(arg))
})
}
}
To simplify things, consider returning a future itself instead of a function pointer. This is virtually the same, but much nicer and does not require heap allocation:
pub async fn some_async_func(arg: &str) {}
pub fn higher_order_func_future<'a>(action: &str, arg: &'a str)
-> impl Future<Output=()> + 'a
{
some_async_func(arg)
}
It might look like, when higher_order_func_future
is called, some_async_func
is getting executed - but this is not the case. Because of the way async functions work, when you call some_async_func
, no user code is getting executed. The function call returns a Future
: the actual function body will be executed only when someone awaits the returned future.
You can use the new function almost the same way as the previous function:
// With higher order function returning function pointer
async fn my_function() {
let action = "one";
let arg = "hello";
higher_order_func(action)(arg).await;
}
// With higher order function returning future
async fn my_function() {
let action = "one";
let arg = "hello";
higher_order_func_future(action, arg).await;
}
Notice, once more, that in both cases the actual some_async_func
body is executed only when the future is awaited.
If you wanted to be able to call different async functions based on action
value, you need boxing again:
pub async fn some_async_func_one(arg: &str) {}
pub async fn some_async_func_two(arg: &str) {}
pub fn higher_order_func_future<'a>(action: &str, arg: &'a str)
-> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output=()> + 'a>>
{
if action.starts_with("one") {
Box::pin(some_async_func_one(arg))
} else {
Box::pin(some_async_func_two(arg))
}
}
Still, this is just one heap allocation, so I strongly advise returning a future. The only scenario that I can imagine where the previous solution is better is when you want to save the boxed closure somewhere and use it many times. In this case, excessive allocation happens only once, and you spare some CPU time by dispatching the call based on action
only once - when you make the closure.
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