Python type hinting: how to tell X is a subclass for Foo?

Question

How should I write a type hint for class types in Python? Consider this code:

class A(object):     pass  class B(A):     pass  def register(cls: type[A]):     assert issubclass(cls, A)   register(A)  register(B) 

Is type[A] the correct way to write this? If I'd just use cls: A it would mean cls is an instance of A, but I want to to say cls is a class/type, which at least subclasses A.

Specifically, what I want to indicate is that the parameter should be a Django model type.

Answer 1

It seems like other current (22 Sep 2016) answers here are incorrect. According to PEP 484 (about Type Hints), there exists a hint for type of class objects, called Type[C]. And according to typing module's documentation, you can use typing.Type[C] to achieve exactly what you want. I'm using those myself with Python 3.5.2.

Quoting the PEP:

Sometimes you want to talk about class objects, in particular class objects that inherit from a given class. This can be spelled as Type[C] where C is a class. To clarify: while C (when used as an annotation) refers to instances of class C , Type[C] refers to subclasses of C .

And quoting the docs:

A variable annotated with C may accept a value of type C. In contrast, a variable annotated with Type[C] may accept values that are classes themselves – specifically, it will accept the class object of C.

And referring to your specific example:

import typing  class A(object):     pass  class B(A):     pass  def register(cls: typing.Type[A]):     assert issubclass(cls, A)  register(A) register(B) 

You can check such code statically using mypy, and it should work in simple cases -- beware however that mypy is a work in progress, as of now there are several issues open about Type[C] hinting.

Answer 2

To solve your general case, you would have to write a metaclass with a suitable __subclasscheck__. Possible, but cumbersome.

In your specific case of Django model classes, an explicit metaclass already exists, so annotating that should do the job:

import django.db.model as model  def register(cls: model.base.ModelBase): ... 

This will work because isinstance(models.Model, models.base.ModelBase) is true.