Python AND operator on two boolean lists - how?

Question

I have two boolean lists, e.g.,

x=[True,True,False,False] y=[True,False,True,False] 

I want to AND these lists together, with the expected output:

xy=[True,False,False,False] 

I thought that expression x and y would work, but came to discover that it does not: in fact, (x and y) != (y and x)

Output of x and y: [True,False,True,False]

Output of y and x: [True,True,False,False]

Using list comprehension does have correct output. Whew!

xy = [x[i] and y[i] for i in range(len(x)] 

Mind you I could not find any reference that told me the AND operator would work as I tried with x and y. But it's easy to try things in Python. Can someone explain to me what is happening with x and y?

And here is a simple test program:

import random random.seed() n = 10 x = [random.random() > 0.5 for i in range(n)] y = [random.random() > 0.5 for i in range(n)] # Next two methods look sensible, but do not work a = x and y z = y and x # Next: apparently only the list comprehension method is correct xy = [x[i] and y[i] for i in range(n)] print 'x        : %s'%str(x) print 'y        : %s'%str(y) print 'x and y  : %s'%str(a) print 'y and x  : %s'%str(z) print '[x and y]: %s'%str(xy) 

Answer 1

and simply returns either the first or the second operand, based on their truth value. If the first operand is considered false, it is returned, otherwise the other operand is returned.

Lists are considered true when not empty, so both lists are considered true. Their contents don't play a role here.

Because both lists are not empty, x and y simply returns the second list object; only if x was empty would it be returned instead:

>>> [True, False] and ['foo', 'bar'] ['foo', 'bar'] >>> [] and ['foo', 'bar'] [] 

See the Truth value testing section in the Python documentation:

Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. The following values are considered false:

[...]

• any empty sequence, for example, '', (), [].

[...]

All other values are considered true — so objects of many types are always true.

(emphasis mine), and the Boolean operations section right below that:

x and y
if x is false, then x, else y

This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is True.

You indeed need to test the values contained in the lists explicitly. You can do so with a list comprehension, as you discovered. You can rewrite it with the zip() function to pair up the values:

[a and b for a, b in zip(x, y)] 

Answer 2

You could use numpy:

>>> import numpy as np >>> x=np.array([True,True,False,False]) >>> y=np.array([True,False,True,False]) >>> x & y array([ True, False, False, False], dtype=bool) 

Numpy allows numerical and logical operations on arrays such as:

>>> z=np.array([1,2,3,4]) >>> z+1 array([2, 3, 4, 5]) 

You can perform bitwise and with the & operator.

Instead of a list comprehension, you can use numpy to generate the boolean array directly like so:

>>> np.random.random(10)>.5 array([ True,  True,  True, False, False,  True,  True, False, False, False], dtype=bool)