Print unicode character string in R

Question

I entered a text string in .csv file , which includes unicode symbols as: \U00B5 g/dL. In .csv file as well as read in R data frame:

test=read.csv("test.csv") 

\U00B5 would produce the micro sign- µ. R read it into data file as it is (\U00B5). However when I print the string it shows as \\U00B5 g/dL.
Alternatively, manually entering the code works fine.

varname <- c("a", "b", "c") labels <- c("A \U00B5 g/dL", "B \U00B5 g/dL", "C \U00B5 g/dL") df <- data.frame(varname, labels) test <- data.frame(varname, labels) test #  varname   labels #  1       a A µ g/dL #  2       b B µ g/dL #  3       c C µ g/dL 

I wonder how could I get rid of the escape sign \ in this case and have it print out the symbol. Or, if there another way to print out the symbol in R.

Thank you very much for this help!

Answer 1

Well, first understand that certain characters in R must be escaped if they are outside the standard ASCII-characters. Typically this is done with a "\" character. That's why you need to escape this character when you write a string in R:

a <- "\" # error a <- "\\" # ok. 

The "\U" is a special indicator for unicode escaping. Note that there are no slashes or U's in the string itself when you use this escaping. It is just a shortcut to a specific character. Note:

a <- "\U00B5" cat(a) # µ grep("U",a) # integer(0) nchar(a) # [1] 1 

This is very different than the string

a <- "\\U00B5" cat(a) # \U00B5 grep("U",a) # [1] 1 nchar(a) # [1] 6 

Normally when you import a text file, you would encode non-ASCII character in whatever encoding is used by the file (UTF-8, or Latin-1 are the most common). They have special bytes to represent these characters. It's not "normal" for a text file to have an ASCII escape sequence for unicode characters. This is why R doesn't attempt to convert "\U00B5" to a unicode character because it assumes that if you had wanted a unicode character, you would have just used it directly.

The easiest way to re-interpet your ASCII character values would be to use the stringi package. For example

library(stringi) a <- "\\U00B5" stri_unescape_unicode(gsub("\\U","\\u",a, fixed=TRUE)) 

(the only catch is that we needed to convert "\U" to the more common "\u" so the function properly recognized the escape). You can do this to your imported data with

test$label <- stri_unescape_unicode(gsub("\\U","\\u",test$label, fixed=TRUE))