Paste/Collapse in R

Question

I'm confused by paste, and thought it was just simple concatenating.

whales <- c("C","D","C","D","D")  quails <- c("D","D","D","D","D")  results <-paste(whales, quails, collapse = '') 

Why would this return "C DD DC DD DD D" instead of CD DD CD DD DD?

Moreover, why would

results <-paste(whales[1], quails[1], collapse = '') 

return

"C D" ?

with a space?

Thanks, D

EDIT

OK, I see that

results <-paste(whales, quails, collapse = NULL, sep='') 

will get me what I want, but an explanation of why the previous code didn't work? And also thank you to the answerers.

Answer 1

For those who like visuals, here is my take at explaining how paste works in R:

sep creates element-wise sandwich stuffed with the value in the sep argument:

collapse creates ONE big sandwich with the value of collapse argument added between the sandwiches produced by using the sep argument:

Answer 2

For the first question, try the following (which might be more illustrative than choosing to repeat 2 characters).

### Note that R paste's together corresponding elements together... paste(c("A", "S", "D", "F"),        c("W", "X", "Y", "Z"))  [1] "A W" "S X" "D Y" "F Z"  ### Note that with collapse, R converts the above    # result into a length 1 character vector. paste(c("A", "S", "D", "F"),        c("W", "X", "Y", "Z"), collapse = '')  [1] "A WS XD YF Z" 

What you really want to do (to get the "desired" result) is the following:

### "Desired" result: paste(whales, quails, sep = '', collapse = ' ')  [1] "CD DD CD DD DD" 

Note that we are specifying the sep and collapse arguments to different values, which relates to your second question. sep allows each terms to be separated by a character string, whereas collapse allows the entire result to be separated by a character string.

Try

paste(whales, quails, collapse = '', sep = '')  [1] "CDDDCDDDDD" 

Alternatively, use a shortcut paste0, which defaults to paste with sep = ''

paste0(whales, quails, collapse = '')