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Passing an array to a function is extremely slow

Tags:

performance

arrays

powershell

I have written a PowerShell script that requires passing large byte arrays between functions. The script runs extremely slowly. The sample code below reproduces the problem. It simply passes a 10 MiB array into a function that does nothing (other than log a message), and measures how long the call takes.

function do-nothing
{
    param($foo)
    Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function"
}

$tenMiB = 10 * 1024 * 1024
$myFoo = New-Object byte[] $tenMiB

Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..."
$elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo }
Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

I expect this to take a few milliseconds. On my home PC it takes nearly 3000 ms and runs a CPU core at 100%. I get the same result with PowerShell 4 and PowerShell 5 (pre-production version). The same thing happens with my work PC and servers. However, one colleague gets the expected result - a few milliseconds to execute, minimal CPU usage.

The execution time is roughly proportional to the size of the array, which makes no sense to me. The size of the array should not matter.

I wondered if the array was somehow being copied. I do not think this is the case because calling GetHashCode() on the array returns the same value inside and outside of the function.

If the array is wrapped in a PSCustomObject, and the wrapper is passed to the function, then the code performs as expected. This is a bit ugly as a workaround, and I'd rather understand what is going on before resorting to it.

Can anyone explain this seemingly weird behaviour please?

like image 456
Ian Morgan Avatar asked Dec 14 '15 21:12

Ian Morgan

People also ask

Why is it not possible to pass an array to a function?

The reason you can't pass an array by value is because there is no specific way to track an array's size such that the function invocation logic would know how much memory to allocate and what to copy. You can pass a class instance because classes have constructors.

Can you pass an array to a function?

To pass an entire array to a function, only the name of the array is passed as an argument. result = calculateSum(num); However, notice the use of [] in the function definition. This informs the compiler that you are passing a one-dimensional array to the function.

What is advantage of passing array as function argument?

Advantages of Passing Arrays to FunctionsPassing similar elements as an array takes less time than passing each element to a function as we are only passing the base address of the array to the function, and other elements can be accessed easily as an array is a contiguous memory block of the same data types.

How do you pass an entire array to a function in C++?

C++ does not allow to pass an entire array as an argument to a function. However, You can pass a pointer to an array by specifying the array's name without an index.

3 Answers

I'm posting this as a community wiki, intended to be a place where we can post our individual environments and test results, since there seems to be some trouble reproducing. Maybe we can figure out the conditions that cause this, and from there determine why it's slow in the instances that it is. Formatting suggestions / changes welcome.

briantist

Workstation

  • HW (i7)
  • Windows 8.1
  • PowerShell 4.0
  • ISE and Console
  • Domain joined
  • byte[] Result: ~3,500ms
  • object[] Result: ~6,500ms

Server VM

  • VM (VMware ESXi)
  • Windows 2012 R2
  • PowerShell 5.0.10514.6 (Production Preview)
  • ISE
  • Domain joined
  • byte[] Result: > 7,000ms
  • object[] Result: ~100ms

Home Workstation

  • HW (i5)
  • Windows 10 build 1511
  • PowerShell 5
  • ISE and Console
  • Workgroup (No AD)
  • Result: 4-6ms first run, < 2ms subsequent runs

emanresu

  • PowerShell 4
  • Result: 1.8 - 2.4ms

Bacon Bits

Workstation

  • Windows 7 x64 SP1
  • Domain joined
  • PowerShell 4
  • Result: 100 executions, average of 1.16ms, min 0.67ms, max 13.88ms, 1.39ms stddev

VM (ESXi)

  • Windows Server 2012 R2
  • Domain joined
  • PowerShell 4
  • Result: 10 executions, average of 4221ms, min 4173ms, max 4302ms, 38.54ms stddev

Ansgar Wiechers

VM (VirtualBox)

  • Windows 2012 R2 (vanilla install)
    • PowerShell 4
      CLRVersion: 4.0.30319.34014
      BuildVersion: 6.3.9600.16394
    • Result: ~7.5ms
  • Windows 2012 R2 (same VM, fully patched)
    • PowerShell 4
      CLRVersion: 4.0.30319.34209
      BuildVersion: 6.3.9600.17400
    • Result: ~4000ms

Further investigation revealed that the issue was introduced by the November 2014 update rollup (MSKB 3000850). Not sure which of the collected hotfixes is the actual culprit, though.

beatcracker

Desktop

  • HW: [email protected] GHz/8GB RAM
  • Windows Server 2012
  • Workgroup (No AD)
  • PowerShell 5 (5.0.10018.0)
  • ISE and Console
  • Result: ~5000ms

Laptop

  • HW: [email protected] GHz/4GB RAM
  • Windows 8.1
  • Domain-joined PC
  • PowerShell 4
  • ISE and Console
  • Result: ~6000ms

David Brabant

  • PowerShell 5
  • Windows 10
  • Result: < 7 ms

sodawillow

  • HW (i5)
  • Windows 8.1
  • Workgroup (No AD)
  • PowerShell 5.0.10514.6
  • ISE
  • Result: > 3500 ms

Mathias R. Jessen

Home laptop

  • HW (i7-2620M)
  • Windows 10 (build 10240)
  • PowerShell 5.0
  • ISE and Console
  • byte[] Result: ~5,350ms
  • object[] Result: ~8,500ms
  • int[] Result: ~9,700ms
like image 162
14 revs, 7 users 57% Avatar answered Nov 06 '22 19:11

14 revs, 7 users 57%

Thanks to stack traces posted by @Ansgar Wiechers, I was able to reproduce this behavior on my PC (Windows 10 build 1511, PowerShell 5.0.10586.0) with following code:

$Module = New-Module {
    function do-nothing
    {
        param($foo)
        Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function"
    }
}
$Module.LogPipelineExecutionDetails = $true

$myFoo = New-Object byte[] 10mb

Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..."
$elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo }
Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

Enabling LogPipelineExecutionDetails cause large slowdown of function execution. Judging from my digging with ILSpy, logging of pipeline execution details should be enabled only if function belong to module and module enable this option. Maybe that is exact behavior which kb3000850 altering.

It would be interesting to see if problem reproduced when do-nothing belong to module, but LogPipelineExecutionDetails explicitly set to $false.

like image 27
2 revs Avatar answered Nov 06 '22 19:11

2 revs

Supplementary information, posted as an additional community wiki answer to avoid the character limit per answer.

As requested by @PetSerAl I ran the following code before and after installing kb3000850:

Add-Type -TypeDefinition @'
public static class C{
  public static System.Collections.IEnumerable M(){
    System.Console.WriteLine(new System.Diagnostics.StackTrace());
    yield break;
  }
}
'@

function do-nothing {
  param($foo)
  Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function"
}

$myFoo = [C]::M()

Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..."
$elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo }
Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

Stacktrace before update:

at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext()
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringEnumerable(ExecutionContext context, IEnumerable enumerable, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToString(ExecutionContext context, Object obj, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider, Boolean recurse, Boolean unravelEnumeratorOnRecurse)
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringParser(ExecutionContext context, Object obj)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertNonNumericToString(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConversionData`1.Invoke(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recurse, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTypeTable)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.CoerceTypeAsNeeded(CommandParameterInternal argument, String parameterName, Type toType, ParameterCollectionTypeInformation collectionTypeInfo, Object currentValue)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParametersInSet(UInt32 validParameterSets, Dictionary`2 nextPositionalParameters, CommandParameterInternal argument, ParameterBindingFlags flags, ParameterBindingException& bindingException)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParameters(Collection`1 unboundArguments, UInt32 validParameterSets, UInt32 defaultParameterSet, ParameterBindingException& outgoingBindingException)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParametersNoValidation(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.BindCommandLineParameters()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoPrepare(IDictionary psDefaultParameterValues)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.Start(Boolean incomingStream)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc()
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state)
at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart()

Stacktrace after update (differences highlighted):

at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext()
at System.Linq.Buffer`1..ctor(IEnumerable`1 source)
at System.Linq.Enumerable.ToArray[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptParameterBinderController.BindParameters(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.EnterScope()
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc()
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state)
at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart()

at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext()
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringEnumerable(ExecutionContext context, IEnumerable enumerable, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToString(ExecutionContext context, Object obj, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider, Boolean recurse, Boolean unravelEnumeratorOnRecurse)
at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringParser(ExecutionContext context, Object obj)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertNonNumericToString(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConversionData`1.Invoke(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recurse, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTypeTable)
at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.CoerceTypeAsNeeded(CommandParameterInternal argument, String parameterName, Type toType, ParameterCollectionTypeInformation collectionTypeInfo, Object currentValue)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParametersInSet(UInt32 validParameterSets, Dictionary`2 nextPositionalParameters, CommandParameterInternal argument, ParameterBindingFlags flags, ParameterBindingException& bindingException)
at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParameters(Collection`1 unboundArguments, UInt32 validParameterSets, UInt32 defaultParameterSet, ParameterBindingException& outgoingBindingException)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParametersNoValidation(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments)
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.BindCommandLineParameters()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoPrepare(IDictionary psDefaultParameterValues)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.Start(Boolean incomingStream)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action)
at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame)
at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess)
at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete()
at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete()
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop)
at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate)
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc()
at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc()
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state)
at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart()
like image 32
Ansgar Wiechers Avatar answered Nov 06 '22 21:11

Ansgar Wiechers

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