Most efficient way to set n consecutive bits to 1?

Question

I want to get a function that will set the n last bits of a numerical type to 1. For example:

bitmask (5) = 0b11111 = 31
bitmask (0) = 0

I, first, had this implementation (mask_t is just a typedef around uint64_t):

mask_t bitmask (unsigned short n) {
  return ((((mask_t) 1) << n) - 1;
}

Everything is fine except when the function hit bitmask (64) (the size of mask_t), then I get bitmask (64) = 0 in place of 64 bits set to 1.

So, I have two questions:

1. Why do I have this behavior ? Pushing the 1 by 64 shifts on the left should clear the register and remain with 0, then applying the -1 should fill the register with 1s...

2. What is the proper way to achieve this function ?

Answer 1

Yes this is a well known problem. There are easy ways to implement this function over the range 0..63 and over the range 1..64 (one way has been mentioned in the comments), but 0..64 is more difficult.

Of course you can just take either the "left shifting" or "right shifting" mask generation and then special-case the "missing" n,

uint64_t bitmask (unsigned short n) {
  if (n == 64) return -((uint64_t)1);
  return (((uint64_t) 1) << n) - 1;
}

Or

uint64_t bitmask (unsigned short n) {
  if (n == 0) return 0;
  uint64_t full = ~(uint64_t)0;
  return full >> (64 - n);
}

Either way tends to compile to a branch, though it technically doesn't have to.

You can do it without if (not tested)

uint64_t bitmask (unsigned int n) {
  uint64_t x = (n ^ 64) >> 6;
  return (x << (n & 63)) - 1;
}

The idea here is that we're going to either shift 1 left by some amount the same as in your original code, or 0 in the case that n = 64. Shifting 0 left by 0 is just going to be 0 again, subtracting 1 sets all 64 bits.

---

Alternatively if you're on a modern x64 platform and BZHI is available, a very fast (BZHI is fast on all CPUs that implement it) but limited-portability option is:

uint64_t bitmask (unsigned int n) {
  return _bzhi_u64(~(uint64_t)0, n);
}

This is even well-defined for n > 64, the actual count of 1's will be min(n & 0xFF, 64) because BZHI saturates but it reads only the lowest byte of the index.

Answer 2

You cannot left shift by a value larger than or equal to the bit width of the type in question. Doing so invokes undefined behavior.

From section 6.5.7 of the C standard:

2 The integer promotions are performed on each of the operands. The type of the result is that of the promoted left operand. If the value of the right operand is negative or is greater than or equal to the width of the promoted left operand, the behavior is undefined.

You'll need to add a check for this in your code:

mask_t bitmask (unsigned short n) {
    if (n >= 64) {
        return ~(mask_t)0;
    } else {
        return (((mask_t) 1) << n) - 1;
    }
}