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TLDR
MCTS agent implementation runs without errors locally, achieving win-rates of >40% against heuristic driven minimax but fails the autograder - which is a requirement before the project can be submitted. Autograder throws
IndexError: Cannot choose from an empty sequence. I'm looking for suggestions on the part of the code that is most likely to throw this exception.
Hi, I am currently stuck at this project, which I need to clear before I get to complete the program that I'm enrolled in, in 2 weeks' time. My task, which I have already completed, is to implement an agent to play against the heuristic-driven minimax agent in a game of Isolation between two chess knights. Full implementation details of the game can be found here. For my project, the game will be played on a board measuring 9 x 11, using bitboard encoding. My implementation of MCTS is straightforward, following closely the pseudocode provided in this paper (pg 6).
In essence, the general MCTS approach comprises these 4 parts and they are each implemented by the following nested functions in the CustomPlayer class:
Backpropagation - backup_negamax, update_scores
import math
import random
import time
import logging
from copy import deepcopy
from collections import namedtuple
from sample_players import DataPlayer
class CustomPlayer(DataPlayer):
""" Implement your own agent to play knight's Isolation
The get_action() method is the only required method for this project.
You can modify the interface for get_action by adding named parameters
with default values, but the function MUST remain compatible with the
default interface.
**********************************************************************
NOTES:
- The test cases will NOT be run on a machine with GPU access, nor be
suitable for using any other machine learning techniques.
- You can pass state forward to your agent on the next turn by assigning
any pickleable object to the self.context attribute.
**********************************************************************
"""
def get_action(self, state):
""" Employ an adversarial search technique to choose an action
available in the current state calls self.queue.put(ACTION) at least
This method must call self.queue.put(ACTION) at least once, and may
call it as many times as you want; the caller will be responsible
for cutting off the function after the search time limit has expired.
See RandomPlayer and GreedyPlayer in sample_players for more examples.
**********************************************************************
NOTE:
- The caller is responsible for cutting off search, so calling
get_action() from your own code will create an infinite loop!
Refer to (and use!) the Isolation.play() function to run games.
**********************************************************************
"""
logging.info("Move %s" % state.ply_count)
self.queue.put(random.choice(state.actions()))
i = 1
statlist = []
while (self.queue._TimedQueue__stop_time - 0.05) > time.perf_counter():
next_action = self.uct_search(state, statlist, i)
self.queue.put(next_action)
i += 1
def uct_search(self, state, statlist, i):
plyturn = state.ply_count % 2
Stat = namedtuple('Stat', 'state action utility visit nround')
def tree_policy(state):
statecopy = deepcopy(state)
while not statecopy.terminal_test():
# All taken actions at this depth
tried = [s.action for s in statlist if s.state == statecopy]
# See if there's any untried actions left
untried = [a for a in statecopy.actions() if a not in tried]
topop = []
toappend = []
if len(untried) > 0:
next_action = random.choice(untried)
statecopy = expand(statecopy, next_action)
break
else:
next_action = best_child(statecopy, 1)
for k, s in enumerate(statlist):
if s.state == statecopy and s.action == next_action:
visit1 = statlist[k].visit + 1
news = statlist[k]._replace(visit=visit1)
news = news._replace(nround=i)
topop.append(k)
toappend.append(news)
break
update_scores(topop, toappend)
statecopy = statecopy.result(next_action)
return statecopy
def expand(state, action):
"""
Returns a state resulting from taking an action from the list of untried nodes
"""
statlist.append(Stat(state, action, 0, 1, i))
return state.result(action)
def best_child(state, c):
"""
Returns the state resulting from taking the best action. c value between 0 (max score) and 1 (prioritize exploration)
"""
# All taken actions at this depth
tried = [s for s in statlist if s.state == state]
maxscore = -999
maxaction = []
# Compute the score
for t in tried:
score = (t.utility/t.visit) + c * math.sqrt(2 * math.log(i)/t.visit)
if score > maxscore:
maxscore = score
del maxaction[:]
maxaction.append(t.action)
elif score == maxscore:
maxaction.append(t.action)
if len(maxaction) < 1:
logging.error("IndexError: maxaction is empty!")
return random.choice(maxaction)
def default_policy(state):
"""
The simulation to run when visiting unexplored nodes. Defaults to uniform random moves
"""
while not state.terminal_test():
state = state.result(random.choice(state.actions()))
delta = state.utility(self.player_id)
if abs(delta) == float('inf') and delta < 0:
delta = -1
elif abs(delta) == float('inf') and delta > 0:
delta = 1
return delta
def backup_negamax(delta):
"""
Propagates the terminal utility up the search tree
"""
topop = []
toappend = []
for k, s in enumerate(statlist):
if s.nround == i:
if s.state.ply_count % 2 == plyturn:
utility1 = s.utility + delta
news = statlist[k]._replace(utility=utility1)
elif s.state.ply_count % 2 != plyturn:
utility1 = s.utility - delta
news = statlist[k]._replace(utility=utility1)
topop.append(k)
toappend.append(news)
update_scores(topop, toappend)
return
def update_scores(topop, toappend):
# Remove outdated tuples. Order needs to be in reverse or pop will fail!
for p in sorted(topop, reverse=True):
statlist.pop(p)
# Add the updated ones
for a in toappend:
statlist.append(a)
return
next_state = tree_policy(state)
if not next_state.terminal_test():
delta = default_policy(next_state)
backup_negamax(delta)
return best_child(state, 0)
The lack of color formatting does make the code really hard to read. So, please feel free to check it out at my github.
I have no issues running the game locally, with my MCTS agent achieving win-rates of >40% (under a 150ms/move limit) against the minimax player. However, when I try submitting my code to the autograder, it gets rejected with the IndexError: Cannot choose from an empty sequence exception.
From my discussion with the course representation, we believe that the error is likely caused by the usage of random.choice(). There are 4 instances of its usage in my implementation:
I assume that the game implementation is correct and calling state.actions() will always return a list of possible moves as long as the state is terminal. Therefore, the only instance that can trigger this exception is Item 3. Items 1 and 4 are simply randomly selecting from available actions, while an explicit check is in place to make sure that random.choice() is not fed with an empty list. Hence, I applied logging to item 3 (even though no exception has been thrown while running locally) and sure enough, did not catch any exception after 50 games.
I apologize for the lengthy post but I do hope that someone out there may be able to catch something that I have missed out in my implementation.
623
I would recommend to write unit tests for each of the functions you have. Verify your assumptions about the behavior of your code. Try to be comprehensive about testing it, including corner cases. Just the need to input abstract test data usually reveals a lot about the architecture and details of a solution.
Furthermore, you could try to let your agent play any other suitable game. These steps will give you a good chance to discover whatever the bug is in your code, and make it more suitable for reuse in future.
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