Issuing application-only requests in Twitter 1.1 using Python

Question

I want to access Twitter 1.1 search endpoint using application-only authentication. To do the same, I'm trying to implement the steps given on Twitter API's documentation here - https://dev.twitter.com/docs/auth/application-only-auth (scroll to "Issuing application-only requests")

I am not able to obtain the "bearer token" in Step 2. When I run the following code, I receive "Response: 302 Found" which is a redirection to Location: https://api.twitter.com/oauth2/token Ideally it should be "200 OK"

import urllib
import base64
import httplib

CONSUMER_KEY = 'my_key'
CONSUMER_SECRET = 'my_secret'

encoded_CONSUMER_KEY = urllib.quote(CONSUMER_KEY)
encoded_CONSUMER_SECRET = urllib.quote(CONSUMER_SECRET)

concat_consumer_url = encoded_CONSUMER_KEY + ":" + encoded_CONSUMER_SECRET

host = 'api.twitter.com'
url = '/oauth2/token'
params = urllib.urlencode({'grant_type' : 'client_credentials'})
req = httplib.HTTP(host)
req.putrequest("POST", url)
req.putheader("Host", host)
req.putheader("User-Agent", "My Twitter 1.1")
req.putheader("Authorization", "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(concat_consumer_url))
req.putheader("Content-Type" ,"application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8")
req.putheader("Content-Length", "29")
req.putheader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")

req.endheaders()
req.send(params)

# get the response
statuscode, statusmessage, header = req.getreply()
print "Response: ", statuscode, statusmessage
print "Headers: ", header

I do not want to use any Twitter API wrappers to access this.

Answer 1

The problem was that the URL had to be called with an HTTPS connection. Please check the modified code which works.

import urllib
import base64
import httplib

CONSUMER_KEY = 'my_key'
CONSUMER_SECRET = 'my_secret'

encoded_CONSUMER_KEY = urllib.quote(CONSUMER_KEY)
encoded_CONSUMER_SECRET = urllib.quote(CONSUMER_SECRET)

concat_consumer_url = encoded_CONSUMER_KEY + ":" + encoded_CONSUMER_SECRET

host = 'api.twitter.com'
url = '/oauth2/token/'
params = urllib.urlencode({'grant_type' : 'client_credentials'})
req = httplib.HTTPSConnection(host)
req.putrequest("POST", url)
req.putheader("Host", host)
req.putheader("User-Agent", "My Twitter 1.1")
req.putheader("Authorization", "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(concat_consumer_url))
req.putheader("Content-Type" ,"application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8")
req.putheader("Content-Length", "29")
req.putheader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")

req.endheaders()
req.send(params)

resp = req.getresponse()
print resp.status, resp.reason