Injection of autowired dependencies failed;

Question

I am developing a small Java EE Hibernate Spring application and an error appeared:
Error creating bean with name 'articleControleur': Injection of autowired dependencies failed;

oct. 26, 2011 3:51:44 PM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log Grave: StandardWrapper.Throwable org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'articleControleur': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: com.bd.service.ArticleService com.bd.controleur.ArticleControleur.articleService; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.bd.service.ArticleService] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:442) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:458) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:339) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initServletBean(FrameworkServlet.java:306) at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.init(HttpServletBean.java:127) at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:212) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1173) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:993) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:4350) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4659) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1045) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:785) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1045) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:445) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:519) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:710) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:581) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:289) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:414) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: com.bd.service.ArticleService com.bd.controleur.ArticleControleur.articleService; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.bd.service.ArticleService] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 33 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.bd.service.ArticleService] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:920) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:789) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 35 more  oct. 26, 2011 3:51:44 PM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext loadOnStartup Grave: La servlet /ExempleAchref a généré une exception "load()" org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.bd.service.ArticleService] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:920) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:789) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:442) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:458) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:339) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initServletBean(FrameworkServlet.java:306) at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.init(HttpServletBean.java:127) at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:212) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1173) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:993) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:4350) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4659) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1045) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:785) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1045) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:445) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:519) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:710) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:581) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:289) at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:414) 

And here is my controller ArticleControleur which contains a function for recovering the lists of articles:

package com.bd.controleur;  import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map;  import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;  import com.bd.service.ArticleService;  @Controller @RequestMapping("/Article/GererArticle") public class ArticleControleur {      @Autowired     ArticleService articleService;      public ModelAndView listarticle() {      Map<String, Object> model = new HashMap<String, Object>();     model.put("articles", articleService.getAllArticles());      // new ModelAndView("nom de la page jsp", model qui contient l'ensemble     // des beans que tu vas passer a cette page)     return new ModelAndView("GererArticle", model);      }  } 

And here is my articleService:

package com.bd.service;  import java.util.Collection; import java.util.List;  import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;  import com.bd.dao.ArticleDao; import com.bd.entity.Article;  @Service public class ArticleServiceImp implements ArticleService {      @Autowired     private ArticleDao articledao;        @Override     public Article getArticleById(int articleId) {         // TODO Auto-generated method stub         return articledao.getById(articleId);     }      @Override     public void saveArticle(Article article) {         // TODO Auto-generated method stub         articledao.save(article);      }      @Override     public void deleteArticle(Article article) {         // TODO Auto-generated method stub         articledao.delete(article);     }      @Override     public List<Article> getAllArticles() {         // TODO Auto-generated method stub         return articledao.getAll();     }  } 

And here is my application context:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!--   - Application context containing authentication, channel   - security and web URI beans.   -   - Only used by "filter" artifact.   -   -->  <b:beans xmlns:b="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"     xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"      xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"      xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"     xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"        xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd       http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.0.xsd       http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd       http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd       ">     <!-- Auto-detect components -->   <context:component-scan base-package="com.bd.entity"/>   </b:beans> 

Answer 1

The error shows that com.bd.service.ArticleService is not a registered bean. Add the packages in which you have beans that will be autowired in your application context:

<context:component-scan base-package="com.bd.service"/> <context:component-scan base-package="com.bd.controleur"/> 

Alternatively, if you want to include all subpackages in com.bd:

<context:component-scan base-package="com.bd">      <context:include-filter type="aspectj" expression="com.bd.*" /> </context:component-scan> 

As a side note, if you're using Spring 3.1 or later, you can take advantage of the @ComponentScan annotation, so that you don't have to use any xml configuration regarding component-scan. Use it in conjunction with @Configuration.

@Controller @RequestMapping("/Article/GererArticle") @Configuration @ComponentScan("com.bd.service") // No need to include component-scan in xml public class ArticleControleur {      @Autowired     ArticleService articleService;     ... } 

You might find this Spring in depth section on Autowiring useful.

Answer 2

Do you have a bean declared in your context file that has an id of "articleService"? I believe that autowiring matches the id of a bean in your context files with the variable name that you are attempting to Autowire.