Incomprehensible syntax, from vc++ to c#

Question

I have the following code, which is vital to understand a class I'm working on translating from visual c++ to c#

typedef Rect<double, 2> Rect2;

I simply can't understand what does it mean. I have come to understand that vc++ uses 'stl' or 'std' and a 'vector' class, which is similar to c# list or arraylist, but the syntax up completely eludes me.

By the way, Rect definition is written like this

template<class Real, int Dim>
class Rect {

Rect is a class in one of the vc++ project files, but I can't understand what's the point of this typedef. It's 200+ lines so here's the declaration start

template<class Real, int Dim>
class Rect {
public:

typedef Vector<Real, Dim> Vec;
typedef Rect<Real, Dim> Self;
typedef _RectPrivate::RectOp<Dim> RO;

Rect() : empty(true) {}
Rect(const Vec &vec) : empty(false), lo(vec), hi(vec) {}
Rect(const Vec &inLo, const Vec &inHi) : lo(inLo), hi(inHi) { markEmpty(); }
Rect(const Rect &inRect) : empty(inRect.empty), lo(inRect.lo), hi(inRect.hi) {}
template<class R> Rect(const Rect<R, Dim> &inRect) : empty(inRect.empty), lo(inRect.lo), hi(inRect.hi) {}

Any help appreciated.

Answer 1

Based on your comments to the other answer, the problem you're facing is that you do not understand what C++ templates are. They are actually quite different from C# generics. They are conceptually similar, and syntactically similar, but their actual implementation is very different.

The easiest way to think about a template in C++ is as a "search and replace" mechanism. When you see

typedef Rect<double, 2> Rect2;

That means go find the template class for Rect that takes two template arguments. Here it is:

template<class Real, int Dim>
class Rect {

OK, so "double" corresponds to "class Real" and "2" corresponds to "int Dim". Sure enough, double is a type and 2 is an int, so that works properly. Now go through the template class and replace all instances of "Real" with "double" and "Dim" with 2. The result is:

typedef /* now we start replacing double for Real and 2 for Dim */ 
class Rect {
public:
typedef Vector<double, double> Vec;
typedef Rect<double, 2> Self;
typedef _RectPrivate::RectOp<2> RO;
Rect() : empty(true) {}
Rect(const Vec &vec) : empty(false), lo(vec), hi(vec) {}
...
} Rect2;

Notice that the result of search-and-replace on the template itself both defines and uses more templates, which have to themselves be search-and-replaced to construct them. We'd do a search-and-replace on the Vector template, and so on.

The "typedef" just means "when I say Rect2 I mean Rect<double, 2>". The same way in C# you can say

using MyStringList = System.Collections.Generic.List<string>;

There are many differences between C# generics and C++ templates. The obvious difference here is that C# generics can only be parameterized with types, never with values as is done in this template. Another difference is that C++ templates are fully constructed at compile time, and need only be legally constructable with the actual arguments given in the program. Whereas C# generics must be constructable with any arguments that meet the stated constraints, and the new code generation does not happen until runtime.