How would you print out the data in a binary tree, level by level, starting at the top?

Question

This is an interview question

I think of a solution. It uses queue.

public Void BFS()    
{   
   Queue q = new Queue();    
   q.Enqueue(root);    
   Console.WriteLine(root.Value);  

   while (q.count > 0)  
   {  
      Node n = q.DeQueue();  
      if (n.left !=null)  
       {  
          Console.Writeln(n.left);  
          q.EnQueue(n.left);  
        }   
       if (n.right !=null)  
       {  
          Console.Writeln(n.right);  
          q.EnQueue(n.right);  
        }   
    }
}    

Can anything think of better solution than this, which doesn't use Queue?

Answer 1

Level by level traversal is known as Breadth-first traversal. Using a Queue is the proper way to do this. If you wanted to do a depth first traversal you would use a stack.

The way you have it is not quite standard though. Here's how it should be.

public Void BFS()    
{      
 Queue q = new Queue();
 q.Enqueue(root);//You don't need to write the root here, it will be written in the loop
 while (q.count > 0)
 {
    Node n = q.DeQueue();
    Console.Writeln(n.Value); //Only write the value when you dequeue it
    if (n.left !=null)
    {
        q.EnQueue(n.left);//enqueue the left child
    }
    if (n.right !=null)
    {
       q.EnQueue(n.right);//enque the right child
    }
 }
}

Edit

Here's the algorithm at work. Say you had a tree like so:

     1
    / \
   2   3
  /   / \
 4   5   6

First, the root (1) would be enqueued. The loop is then entered. first item in queue (1) is dequeued and printed. 1's children are enqueued from left to right, the queue now contains {2, 3} back to start of loop first item in queue (2) is dequeued and printed 2's children are enqueued form left to right, the queue now contains {3, 4} back to start of loop ...

The queue will contain these values over each loop

1: {1}

2: {2, 3}

3: {3, 4}

4: {4, 5, 6}

5: {5, 6}

6: {6}

7: {}//empty, loop terminates

Output:

1

2

3

4

5

6

Answer 2

Since the question requires printing the tree level by level, there should be a way to determine when to print the new line character on the console. Here's my code which tries to do the same by appending NewLine node to the queue,

void PrintByLevel(Node *root)
{
   Queue q;
   Node *newline = new Node("\n");
   Node *v;
   q->enque(root);
   q->enque(newline);

   while(!q->empty()) {
      v = q->deque();
      if(v == newline) {
         printf("\n");
         if(!q->empty())
            q->enque(newline);
      }
      else {
         printf("%s", v->val);
         if(v->Left)
            q-enque(v->left);
         if(v->right)
            q->enque(v->right);
      }
   }
   delete newline;
}