Use NumPy's arange() and linspace() functions to use decimal numbers in a start, stop and step argument to produce a range of floating-point numbers. Use Python generator to produce a range of float numbers without using any library or module.
NumPy linspace function to generate float range It has the following syntax: # Syntax linspace(start, stop, num, endpoint) start => starting point of the range stop => ending point num => Number of values to generate, non-negative, default value is 50. endpoint => Default value is True.
Rather than using a decimal step directly, it's much safer to express this in terms of how many points you want. Otherwise, floating-point rounding error is likely to give you a wrong result.
You can use the linspace function from the NumPy library (which isn't part of the standard library but is relatively easy to obtain). linspace
takes a number of points to return, and also lets you specify whether or not to include the right endpoint:
>>> np.linspace(0,1,11)
array([ 0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1. ])
>>> np.linspace(0,1,10,endpoint=False)
array([ 0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9])
If you really want to use a floating-point step value, you can, with numpy.arange
.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.arange(0.0, 1.0, 0.1)
array([ 0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9])
Floating-point rounding error will cause problems, though. Here's a simple case where rounding error causes arange
to produce a length-4 array when it should only produce 3 numbers:
>>> numpy.arange(1, 1.3, 0.1)
array([1. , 1.1, 1.2, 1.3])
Python's range() can only do integers, not floating point. In your specific case, you can use a list comprehension instead:
[x * 0.1 for x in range(0, 10)]
(Replace the call to range with that expression.)
For the more general case, you may want to write a custom function or generator.
Building on 'xrange([start], stop[, step])', you can define a generator that accepts and produces any type you choose (stick to types supporting +
and <
):
>>> def drange(start, stop, step):
... r = start
... while r < stop:
... yield r
... r += step
...
>>> i0=drange(0.0, 1.0, 0.1)
>>> ["%g" % x for x in i0]
['0', '0.1', '0.2', '0.3', '0.4', '0.5', '0.6', '0.7', '0.8', '0.9', '1']
>>>
Increase the magnitude of i
for the loop and then reduce it when you need it.
for i * 100 in range(0, 100, 10):
print i / 100.0
EDIT: I honestly cannot remember why I thought that would work syntactically
for i in range(0, 11, 1):
print i / 10.0
That should have the desired output.
NumPy is a bit overkill, I think.
[p/10 for p in range(0, 10)]
[0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9]
Generally speaking, to do a step-by-1/x
up to y
you would do
x=100
y=2
[p/x for p in range(0, int(x*y))]
[0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, ..., 1.97, 1.98, 1.99]
(1/x
produced less rounding noise when I tested).
scipy
has a built in function arange
which generalizes Python's range()
constructor to satisfy your requirement of float handling.
from scipy import arange
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